DogAndPanda

<rss version="0.91"><channel><title>DogAndPanda</title><link>http://dogandpanda.com</link><description>A blog</description><item><title>Criticism of the New Series.html</title><description>Reaction to the new 2005 series of the new Doctor Who has been fairly positive, but watching it, I find it more and more compelling to create a list of important things that the original series had/did that the new one does not
ph3 Too many humans, no alien-perspective stories
/h3In the new series, every single episode has revolved around humans as a main part of the story stories either take place on earth, or in humankind's future in some way Any aliens portrayed are portrayed as being "other" from the humans in some way In the original series, the Doctor would visit planets which had nothing to do with humans even though they may look like humans - thanks, BBC props dept This seems to be a huge loss for the focus of the series - increasing the importance of humans
ph3 Too much Doctor-action
/h3In the original series, the Doctor was often only a small part in what was going on in the story - many episodes had him only assisting revolutions, and some merely had him on the side almost as an observer In the new series, there is a lot more concentration on what he is doing, and very little action for the supporting cast other than to die or listen to the doctor when convenient
ph3 Too war-happy
/h3In the new Doctor Who, war is glorified in some ways the child in Human Nature is a good example of this, while in the old particularly Pertwee era, 
ph3 No progressive subtext
/h3In old Doctor Who, there were episodes about pressing relevant matters, 
such as colonization Colony in Space, slavery The Mutants, beaurocracy/taxes
The Sun Makers, government beaurocracy The Sea Devils Rather than address
current concerns health insurance, terrorists, iraq, etc, the new series
at best rehashes the old progressive ideas, and at worst promotes 
a surprisingly pro-establishment message
p</description><link>http://dogandpanda.com/production/Criticism of the New Series.html</link><pubDate>Thu, 07 Jan 2010 17:53:18 GMT</pubDate></item><item><title>vicexpansion.htm</title><description>!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 40 Transitional//EN"
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div classparagraph style" padding2360pt 4049pt 000pt 2084pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"bFor as long as this product is owned by it's original owner, CARDCO, Inc will repair or replace any defective parts or the entire unit i-f it should become inoperative due to a de-fect in manufacture or materials, pro­viding the unit is returned to CARDCO, Inc in undamaged condition with proo-f o-f pur­chase purchase receipt/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 14760pt 000pt 16308pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1104pt; letter-spacing-085pt;"bWARNING # 1 /bspan classfont20 style" letter-spacing000pt;"b/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 000pt 000pt 3924pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1200pt; letter-spacing-065pt;"bNEVER  ATTEMPT  TO   INSTALL  OR  REMOVE/bspan classfont10 style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; nbsp; /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-090pt;"bTHE/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 4056pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1200pt; letter-spacing-070pt;"bquot;CARDB0ARD/3Squot;,  OR  CARTRIDGES  FROM/TO/bspan classfont10 style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; nbsp; /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-100pt;"bTHE/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 2352pt 000pt 3996pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1200pt; letter-spacing-070pt;"bquot;CARDB0ARD/3Squot;,  WITHOUT  FIRST  TURNING/bspan classfont10 style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; nbsp; /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-095pt;"bOFF /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bTHE VIC-20 POWER SWITCH/b/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 14796pt 000pt 16224pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1080pt; letter-spacing-075pt;"bWARNING # 2 /bspan classfont20 style" letter-spacing000pt;"b/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1212pt 2448pt 000pt 3936pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont23 style" line-height1188pt; letter-spacing-060pt;"bTHIS UNIT IS DESIGNED TO USE ONLY COMMODORE /bspan style" letter-spacing-040pt;"bAPPROVED CARTRIDGES CARDCO, INC, WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGE OR PROBLEMS /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-065pt;"bCAUSED BY THE USE OF NON-APPROVED DEVICES/b/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 11872pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-060pt;"bTABLE OF CONTENTS/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 11932pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont20b/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding3558pt 000pt 000pt 1893pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-085pt;"bINITIAL HOOKUP/bspan classfont10 style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-070pt;"bPASE 4/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding407pt 000pt 000pt 1797pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height2396pt; letter-spacing-075pt;"bTHE RESET BUTTON/bspan classfont10 style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-060pt;"bPAGE 7/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 10087pt 000pt 1761pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height2396pt; letter-spacing-075pt;"bMINI-MEMORY-MAP/bspan classfont10 style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /b/spanbPAGE 10 /bspan style" letter-spacing-070pt;"bSCREEN LOCATION INFORMATION   PAGE 12/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding036pt 000pt 000pt 1809pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height2396pt; letter-spacing-075pt;"bDIP SWITCH FUNCTIONS/bspan classfont10 style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /b/spanbPAGE 16/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1809pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height2396pt; letter-spacing-085pt;"bDICTIONARY/bspan classfont10 style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-075pt;"bPAGE 22/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1785pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height2396pt; letter-spacing-090pt;"bAPPENDIX/bspan classfont10 style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-080pt;"bPAGE Al/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding3055pt 11800pt 000pt 5379pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-3582pt;"span classfont23 style" line-height1174pt; letter-spacing-080pt;"bTHE quot;CARDB0ARD/3Squot; IS A PRODUCT OF /bspan style" letter-spacing-070pt;"bCARDCO INC OF WICHITA, KS/b/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9045pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-070pt;"bquot;CARDB0ARD/3Squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-090pt;"bSCREW |^gt;/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 24307pt 000pt 16185pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1054pt; letter-spacing-090pt;"bFIGURE  # 1 /bspan classfont20 style" letter-spacing000pt;"b/b/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 17623pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-080pt;"bPAGE 4/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 17364pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22quot;CARDBOARD/3s#9632;  -  INSTRUCTIONS/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 12300pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22Well, you bought it! What do you do with it/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 12372pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont20b/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1344pt 4128pt 000pt 12288pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3600pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"First install the board supports which are attached to the board as shown in fig­ure #1 If you have any difficulty please span style" letter-spacing-040pt;"-feel -free to call on our technical staff -for /spanhelp- Call 316 267-6525 between 10 AM and 3 PM  Monday thru Friday/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1224pt 4104pt 000pt 12264pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3588pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"To start you off in the right direc­tion, turn o-ff your bVIC-20 and plug the /bconnector in the back of your VIC into the same place you would normally plug a game cartridge This may be a bit tricky Be sure you have the connector side up when you plug it in Center the card care-fully then span style" letter-spacing075pt;"firmly/span push it into position/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1212pt 4164pt 000pt 12276pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3588pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"The next thing you will probably want to do is plug in all those cartridges you have been saving   DK!   Go  for it  Don't/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 12264pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"worry  about what  goes  where  -------------/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4212pt 000pt 12264pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"the  quot;CARDBOARD^squot;  doesn't  care Now  turn all of the dip switches off and read on/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4116pt 000pt 12240pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"WARNING There are two cartridges that won't work on the board at the same time The 3k RAM VIC-1210 and the SUPER EXPANDER VIC-1211A If you have both of these sell the 3k to someone else because you won't be needing it/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 25968pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22PAGE 5/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9812pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bCARDB0ARD/3SsupM/sup  -  INSTRUCTIONS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 2144pt 000pt 3953pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1222pt;"bIDEA It might be a good idea to write the name o-f the cartridge on top o-f the car­tridge on a piece of tape, so you don't forget what is where/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2396pt 2168pt 000pt 3953pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent-024pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"bNDTEs If you have more than one 8k RAM VIC-1110 or 16k RAM VIC-1111 be sure none of the internal /bspan style" letter-spacing145pt;"bdip/b/spanb switches are set to the same position For instructions on how to set the internal dip switches, please read the sheet of information that came in the box with your 8 or 16k RAM/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 17503pt 000pt 3893pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1102pt;"bOK  What da I do next /bspan classfont20b/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1318pt 2204pt 000pt 3870pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3654pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"bWhat to do next depends on what you want to use the quot;CARDB0ARD/3squot; for And before you can decide that, you are going to have to learn a /bspan style" letter-spacing100pt;"blittle/b/spanb bit about your VIC/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1162pt 2264pt 000pt 3905pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3666pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1210pt;"bNow it's time for a little tech-talk, but I will try to make it as painless as possible/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1150pt 2192pt 000pt 3941pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3630pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bThe quot;CARDB0ARD/3squot; provides three exact duplicates of the memory expansion port in the back of your VIC For the most part, you will only be interested in making use of the reset line and the memory select lines The rest of the /bspan style" letter-spacing070pt;"blines/b/spanb will take care of themselves For those of you who quot;must knowquot;, I would suggest reading the VIC Pro­grammer's Reference Guide VM-110 The quot;CARDB0ARD/3squot; allows it's user increased access to some of the VIC-20's memory se­lect, data, i/o and interrupt lines/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 17694pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bPAGE 6/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 7632pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bCARDB0ARD/3squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONB/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 24984pt 000pt 1896pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1116pt;"bTHE RESET BUTTON /bspan classfont20b/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 3948pt 000pt 1896pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3480pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1200pt;"bLet's start easy, with the reset line If you have set the quot;CARDB0ARD/3squot; up as we mentioned earlier, look for the square push button toward the left front of the board Yes, Matilda, it is the only push button on the board This is the RESET button It is connected to the reset line that makes sense The RESET button will have almost the same effect as turning your VIC off and then on again It /bspan style" letter-spacing165pt;"bwill/b/spanb unlock your computer if it is locked up, or it will get you to the /bspan style" letter-spacing105pt;"binitial/b/spanb start up prompts if you want to start all over It /bspan style" letter-spacing145pt;"bwill/b/spanb also reset all pointers to the user basic area this kind of erases any basic programs in memory so USE IT WITH /bspan style" letter-spacing065pt;"bCAUTION!!!/b/spanb Programs not in the user basic area /bspan style" letter-spacing145pt;"bwill/b/spanb remain intact as will any machine language programs ie BLK #5, or deselected BLKs 1, 2 or 3 If you are using the BUTI ROM from UMI you can re­cover even the basic programs by using the un-new statement/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1128pt 000pt 000pt 5628pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont6 style" line-height1212pt;"iThe     resetnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; button      is      a      very      potent-/i/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 3936pt 000pt 2028pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont6 style" line-height1212pt;"ifeature      of   the      quot;C8RBBQ8RD/3ssupf/sup   but      remember to   USE   IT   NITH   CGUTIOHfff/i/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9320pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bquot;CARDBQARD/3squot;  -  INSTRUCTIDNS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 1977pt 000pt 4037pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3618pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1210pt;"bUsing the RESET /bspan style" letter-spacing130pt;"bwill/b/spanb save a lot of wear and tear on not only your VIC, but also on your TV set The reset also has one very nice use when you are playing a game on a plug-in cartridge It /bspan style" letter-spacing130pt;"bwill/b/spanb cancel a game in progress and restart the game My favorite use for this feature is when I'm playing Avenger, and my first laser base gets blasted before I knock out the first group of Invaders Why waste time on a lost cause This action is /bspan style" letter-spacing135pt;"bsimilar/b/spanb to conceding a chess game, after the early loss of one's Queen, by dumping over the chess board/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2276pt 000pt 000pt 4085pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bRANDOM ACCESS MEMORY/bspan style" letter-spacing-105pt;"bRAM/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2300pt 1989pt 000pt 4085pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3582pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1222pt;"bThe most valuable feature of the quot;CARDB0ARD/3squot; in our opinion is it's /bspan style" letter-spacing150pt;"bability/b/spanb to switch select memory address lines  Great, but what does that mean/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1174pt 1965pt 000pt 4085pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3606pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1174pt;"bRandom access memory RAM for short is the type of memory that you will use to store your programs It is quot;volatile'sup1/sup, which means it can be erased It can be changed or altered, as you wish For ex­ample, if you poke a RAM location POKE 4099,117, then peek at it  PEEK 4099, you will get back what you put in But if you turn power off and on again, your number will be gone So RAM changes as you in­struct it to store your programs and data/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 17826pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bPAGE B/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 7631pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22CARDBDARD/3S quot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4049pt 000pt 1893pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3642pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1210pt;"There are seven blocks or areas o-f memory that span classfont9iare /i/spannot used by the internal workings o-f your VIC-20 These blacks span classfont9iare /i/spanmade available to the user through the memory expansion port remember, the place where you plug in games, etc The supM/supCARDBQARD/3squot; i s an extension o-f that ex­pansion port/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1054pt 000pt 000pt 1941pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22The seven memory blocks ares/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1929pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"RAM 1  These three blocks are usually/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1929pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"RAM 2  treated as one unit  Each is Ik in/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 1953pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"RAM 3  size and they bare located below the/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 7715pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"internal 5k o-f RAM that is included/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 7667pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"with the VIC-20/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding551pt 000pt 000pt 1965pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height2384pt; letter-spacing-075pt;"BLK 1span classfont9 style" letter-spacing000pt;"nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/spanspan style" letter-spacing-035pt;"This is the -first 8k expansion area/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1929pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height2384pt; letter-spacing-075pt;"BLK 2span classfont9 style" letter-spacing000pt;"nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/spanspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"This is the 2nd Sk expansion /spanspan classfont9 style" letter-spacing000pt;"iareasubm/sub/i/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 1941pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height2384pt; letter-spacing-075pt;"BLK 3span classfont9 style" letter-spacing000pt;"nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/spanspan style" letter-spacing-005pt;"This is the 3rd 8k expansion area/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1929pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height2384pt; letter-spacing-070pt;"BLK 5span classfont9 style" letter-spacing000pt;"nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/spanspan style" letter-spacing-005pt;"This is the last 8k expansion area/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2839pt 000pt 000pt 2025pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-040pt;"NOTE  Re-fer to mini-memory-map, -figure #2/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 15670pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22PAGE 9/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 8949pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-070pt;"bquot;CARDB0ARD/3Squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13897pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-070pt;"bMINI  MEMORY  MAP/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding3127pt 000pt 000pt 1102pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bHEX/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding3306pt 000pt 000pt 1821pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19bINTERNAL VIC/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding3283pt 000pt 000pt 623pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19bACCESSED VIA/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding072pt 000pt 000pt 1737pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19bMEMORY RAM/ROM/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding048pt 000pt 000pt 635pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19bMEMORY EXPANSION/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding659pt 000pt 000pt 1797pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19bZERO PA6E/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding072pt 000pt 000pt 1066pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b$2000/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding048pt 000pt 000pt 1066pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b$4000/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding072pt 000pt 000pt 611pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b8K EXPANSION RAM/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding096pt 000pt 000pt 1042pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b$8000/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding096pt 000pt 000pt 1689pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19bCHARACTER/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding096pt 000pt 000pt 982pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b36863/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding072pt 000pt 000pt 1893pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b$8FFF/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width8697pt; height1222pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding096pt 000pt 000pt 1701pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b6ENERAT0R RON/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width9225pt; height1222pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
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div classparagraph style" padding096pt 000pt 000pt 132pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b36864/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding072pt 000pt 000pt 1066pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b$9000/b/span/div
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td classcell valign"top" style" width8697pt;"
div classblock style" width8697pt; height1222pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding096pt 000pt 000pt 1713pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19bVIC CHIP, I/O/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width9225pt; height1222pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
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div classblock style" width4169pt; height1150pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 982pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b40959/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding048pt 000pt 000pt 1869pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b$9FFF/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding048pt 000pt 000pt 1701pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19bamp; COLOR RAN/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width9225pt; height1150pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
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div classblock style" width4169pt; height1198pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding072pt 000pt 000pt 156pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b40960/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding072pt 000pt 000pt 1066pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b$A000/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width8697pt; height1198pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width9225pt;"
div classblock style" width9225pt; height1198pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding048pt 000pt 000pt 587pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b8K EXPANSION RAH/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4169pt;"
div classblock style" width4169pt; height1174pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding048pt 000pt 000pt 982pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b49151/b/span/div
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td classcell valign"top" style" width4409pt;"
div classblock style" width4409pt; height1174pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 1893pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b$BFFF/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width8697pt; height1174pt;"
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/div
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td classcell valign"top" style" width9225pt;"
div classblock style" width9225pt; height1174pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 575pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19bBLK laquo; 5/b/span/div
/div
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td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
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tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4169pt;"
div classblock style" width4169pt; height1174pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding072pt 000pt 000pt 168pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b49152/b/span/div
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td classcell valign"top" style" width4409pt;"
div classblock style" width4409pt; height1174pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding072pt 000pt 000pt 1078pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b$C000/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width8697pt;"
div classblock style" width8697pt; height1174pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding048pt 000pt 000pt 1701pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19bKERNAL ROUTINE/b/span/div
/div
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div classblock style" width9225pt; height1174pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
/div
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td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
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/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4169pt;"
div classblock style" width4169pt; height1198pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding072pt 000pt 000pt 1018pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b65535/b/span/div
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/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4409pt;"
div classblock style" width4409pt; height1198pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding072pt 000pt 000pt 1905pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19b$FFFF/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width8697pt;"
div classblock style" width8697pt; height1198pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding060pt 000pt 000pt 1713pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19bAND BASIC/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width9225pt;"
div classblock style" width9225pt; height1198pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
/div
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td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
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td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4169pt;"
div classblock style" width4169pt; height5894pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width4409pt;"
div classblock style" width4409pt; height5894pt;"
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/div
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td classcell valign"top" style" width8697pt;"
div classblock style" width8697pt; height5894pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding048pt 000pt 000pt 1773pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont19bINTERPRETER ROM/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2456pt 623pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignleft; text-indent012pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1078pt;"bFIGURE  # 2 /bspan classfont20b/b/span/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width9225pt;"
div classblock style" width9225pt; height5894pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
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/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width8697pt; height000pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width9225pt; height000pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt; height000pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width38552pt;"
div classblock style" width38552pt; height5032pt;"
div classparagraph
/div
/div
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td classcell valign"top" style" width38552pt;"
div classblock style" width38552pt; height791pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 17479pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-075pt;"bPAGE 10/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
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tr classrow valign"top"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width38552pt;"
div classblock style" width38552pt; height1378pt;"
div classparagraph
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td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
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table classmain frame"box" rules"all" border"0" cellspacing"0" cellpadding"0" style"table-layoutfixed; width38360pt; height59050pt;"
tr classrow
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt; height000pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width38360pt; height000pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width38360pt;"
div classblock style" width38360pt; height4445pt;"
div classparagraph
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/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
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/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width38360pt;"
div classblock style" width38360pt; height779pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6553pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bquot;CARDB0ARD/3squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width38360pt;"
div classblock style" width38360pt; height7511pt;"
div classparagraph
/div
/div
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/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width38360pt;"
div classblock style" width38360pt; height34526pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4552pt 000pt 2061pt; text-alignleft; text-indent3594pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"bAs you may have noticed, the Sk Blocks are numbered 1, 2, 3, 5  What happened to #4   Well, Commodore decided to use that location -for some internal workings, and thereby made it unavailable for us to use This also puts BLK 5 in an awkward position, because basic only quot;seesquot; memory that is in a continuous string; BLK 5 cannot be used -for basic programming, because it is sepa­/bspan style" letter-spacing-040pt;"brated -from the rest o-f the RAM blocks by BLK /b/spanb4 But not to worry, i-f you put an Sk RAM cartridge there, it is /bspan style" letter-spacing095pt;"bstill/b/spanb useable as a storage area for machine language programs and data When stuff is stored up there, it is very safe, because basic cannot overwrite it In fact, the only way to get at it is with a quot;SYSquot; command or a quot;PEEKquot; or quot;POKEquot; More on that later/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1186pt 4588pt 000pt 2061pt; text-alignleft; text-indent3654pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bIf you have an 8k RAM in BLK 1 and a 3k or or super expander in RAM 1, RAM 2, and RAM 3 memory areas, these RAM blocks also become unuseable for basic programming be­cause it is separated from the rest of basic ram by the screen ram the area of ram the VIC-20 uses to store the information on the screen And it, just /bspan style" letter-spacing125pt;"blike/b/spanb BLK #5, becomes useable for machine language programming only/b/span/div
/div
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td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width38360pt;"
div classblock style" width38360pt; height2588pt;"
div classparagraph
/div
/div
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td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width38360pt;"
div classblock style" width38360pt; height982pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2049pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bHave I got you confused yet/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width38360pt;"
div classblock style" width38360pt; height6146pt;"
div classparagraph
/div
/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 15766pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bPAGE 11/b/span/div
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table classmain frame"box" rules"all" border"0" cellspacing"0" cellpadding"0" style"table-layoutfixed; width47604pt; height59688pt;"
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/tr
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/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width47604pt;"
div classblock style" width47604pt; height792pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9780pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bCARDB0ARD/3Squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
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/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
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/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width47604pt;"
div classblock style" width47604pt; height1992pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 23472pt 000pt 3948pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1200pt;"bTHE MYSTERIOUS MOVING SCREEN ft/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width47604pt;"
div classblock style" width47604pt; height2832pt;"
div classparagraph
/div
/div
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td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width47604pt;"
div classblock style" width47604pt; height16560pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 11796pt 000pt 3900pt; text-alignleft; text-indent3600pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1200pt;"bNow is the time to tell you about quot;THE MYSTERIOUS MOVING SCREENquot;! You may have been warned by some tape-based software sup­pliers that quot;THIS PROGRAM WILL ONLY RUN ON VIC-20's WITH NO ADDITIONAL MEMORY INSTALLEDquot;, or you may have tried to load a program from a tape when you had your 8k RAM cartridge in place and found it /bspan style" letter-spacing040pt;"bdidn't/b/spanb work, or had some really weird goings-on happening on the screen The reason is that when you put thesubv/sub8k RAM in the VIC-20's BLK 1 loca­tion and turned on the VIC, the screen RAM is moved to a new position  Refer to fig­ure  # 3 to see what happensgt;/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width47604pt;"
div classblock style" width47604pt; height6888pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 11796pt 000pt 3948pt; text-alignleft; text-indent3600pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"bA well written program will not be af­fected by the amount of memory you have, but for those of you who own some poorly written programs, and for those of you who want to write good programs we offer these solutions to the problem/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
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div classparagraph
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/div
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td classcell valign"top" style" width47604pt;"
div classblock style" width47604pt; height744pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 17676pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bPAGE 12/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
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td classcell valign"top" style" width47604pt;"
div classblock style" width47604pt; height1536pt;"
div classparagraph
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/div
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/table
table classmain frame"box" rules"all" border"0" cellspacing"0" cellpadding"0" style"table-layoutfixed; width38420pt; height59289pt;"
tr classrow
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td classcell valign"top" style" width23193pt; height000pt;"
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td classcell valign"top" style" width15227pt; height000pt;"
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td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width38420pt; height4480pt;"
div classparagraph
/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width38420pt; height815pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 7991pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-070pt;"bCARDB0ARD/3Squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width38420pt; height3834pt;"
div classparagraph
/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width38420pt; height4433pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 10219pt 000pt 8733pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height3666pt; letter-spacing-060pt;"bTHE MYSTICAL MOVING SCREEN /bspan style" letter-spacing-070pt;"bVIC-20 VIDEO RAM MEMORY MAP/b/span/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width38420pt; height1653pt;"
div classparagraph
/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width23193pt;"
div classblock style" width23193pt; height2013pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 2264pt 000pt 2228pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1210pt; letter-spacing-070pt;"bMEMORY LOC  WITH LESS THAN /bspan style" letter-spacing-060pt;"bHEX    DEC  8K OF RAM/b/span/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width15227pt;"
div classblock style" width15227pt; height2013pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4457pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1198pt; letter-spacing-075pt;"bWITH 8K OR MORE /bspan style" letter-spacing-060pt;"bOF RAM ADDED/b/span/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width38420pt; height2755pt;"
div classparagraph
/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width38420pt; height2013pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 16017pt 000pt 11633pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-9356pt;"span classfont23 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-060pt;"b$0400  1024  START OF BASIC /bspan style" letter-spacing-070pt;"bWITH 3K EXP RAM/b/span/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width38420pt; height1485pt;"
div classparagraph
/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width32058pt; height22666pt; padding000pt 4229pt 000pt 2132pt;"
table classmain frame"box" rules"all" border"0" cellspacing"0" cellpadding"0" style" width32058pt; height22666pt;"
tr classrow
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt; height000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4385pt; height000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4672pt; height000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width12220pt; height000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width10782pt; height000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt; height000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4385pt;"
div classblock style" width4385pt; height1174pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 132pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-040pt;"b$1000/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4672pt;"
div classblock style" width4672pt; height1174pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 755pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22b4096/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width12220pt;"
div classblock style" width12220pt; height1174pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 443pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bSTART OF BASIC/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width10782pt;"
div classblock style" width10782pt; height1174pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1234pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bSTART OF/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4385pt;"
div classblock style" width4385pt; height1797pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4672pt;"
div classblock style" width4672pt; height1797pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width12220pt;"
div classblock style" width12220pt; height1797pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 455pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bW/O 3K EXP RAM/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width10782pt;"
div classblock style" width10782pt; height1797pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1246pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bSCREEN MEMORY/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4385pt;"
div classblock style" width4385pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding515pt 000pt 000pt 132pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-040pt;"b$1200/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4672pt;"
div classblock style" width4672pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding515pt 000pt 000pt 779pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22b4608/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width12220pt;"
div classblock style" width12220pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width10782pt;"
div classblock style" width10782pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding479pt 000pt 000pt 1234pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bSTART BASIC/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4385pt;"
div classblock style" width4385pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding515pt 000pt 000pt 156pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-040pt;"b$1E00/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4672pt;"
div classblock style" width4672pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding491pt 000pt 000pt 779pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22b7680/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width12220pt;"
div classblock style" width12220pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding467pt 000pt 000pt 443pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bSTART OF SCREEN/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width10782pt;"
div classblock style" width10782pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4385pt;"
div classblock style" width4385pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding491pt 000pt 000pt 180pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-045pt;"b$1FFF/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4672pt;"
div classblock style" width4672pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding491pt 000pt 000pt 779pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22b8191/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width12220pt;"
div classblock style" width12220pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding467pt 000pt 000pt 443pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bEND OF MEMORY/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width10782pt;"
div classblock style" width10782pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4385pt;"
div classblock style" width4385pt; height2444pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding515pt 000pt 000pt 192pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-040pt;"b$2000/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4672pt;"
div classblock style" width4672pt; height2444pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding515pt 000pt 000pt 767pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22b8192/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width12220pt;"
div classblock style" width12220pt; height2444pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width10782pt;"
div classblock style" width10782pt; height2444pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding527pt 000pt 000pt 1222pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bBLK 1 EXP RAM/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4385pt;"
div classblock style" width4385pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding491pt 000pt 000pt 144pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-040pt;"b$4000/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4672pt;"
div classblock style" width4672pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding491pt 000pt 000pt 863pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-045pt;"b16384/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width12220pt;"
div classblock style" width12220pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width10782pt;"
div classblock style" width10782pt; height2396pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding491pt 000pt 000pt 1222pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bBLK 2 EXP RAM/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4385pt;"
div classblock style" width4385pt; height2372pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding491pt 000pt 000pt 120pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-040pt;"b$6000/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4672pt;"
div classblock style" width4672pt; height2372pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding491pt 000pt 000pt 767pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22b24576/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width12220pt;"
div classblock style" width12220pt; height2372pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width10782pt;"
div classblock style" width10782pt; height2372pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding467pt 000pt 000pt 1198pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bBLK 3 EXP RAM/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4385pt;"
div classblock style" width4385pt; height2372pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding467pt 000pt 000pt 144pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-040pt;"b$7FFF/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4672pt;"
div classblock style" width4672pt; height2372pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding443pt 000pt 000pt 767pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22b32767/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width12220pt;"
div classblock style" width12220pt; height2372pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width10782pt;"
div classblock style" width10782pt; height2372pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding491pt 000pt 000pt 1222pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bEND BASIC RAM/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4385pt;"
div classblock style" width4385pt; height2923pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding491pt 000pt 000pt 156pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-040pt;"b$9400/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4672pt;"
div classblock style" width4672pt; height2923pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding467pt 000pt 000pt 755pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22b37888/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width12220pt;"
div classblock style" width12220pt; height2923pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width10782pt;"
div classblock style" width10782pt; height2923pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding563pt 1533pt 000pt 1210pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-012pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"bSTART COLOR RAM/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt; height000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4385pt; height000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width4672pt; height000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width12220pt; height000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width10782pt; height000pt;"
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt; height000pt;"
/td
/tr
/table
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width38420pt; height1462pt;"
div classparagraph
/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width38420pt; height791pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2276pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-070pt;"b$9600  38400 START COLOR RAM/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width38420pt; height2755pt;"
div classparagraph
/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width38420pt; height1917pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 14520pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-075pt;"bFIGURE  # 3/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 14604pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont20b/b/span/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width38420pt;"
div classblock style" width38420pt; height4049pt;"
div classparagraph
/div
/div
/td
td classcell valign"top" style" width000pt;"
/td
/tr
tr classrow valign"top"
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9308pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22CARDBDARD/3Squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 2312pt 000pt 3414pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"SOLUTION #1 Locate the dip switch group at the front of the quot;CARDB0ARD/3squot; refer to figure # 4 The seventh switch controls bthe /bVIC'S access to RAM BLK 1- If the VIC quot;seesquot; RAM in this location, it will auto­matically move the screen If you have one or more Bk RAM's on the supM/supCARDB0ARD/3squot;, and the seventh switch is up on, the VIC will quot;seequot; that RAM and move the screen If, however, the switch is down off, the VIC will power—up and not move the screen The drawback to this solution is bthat /byou bonly /bhave the original 3583 bytes of memory 6655 or a little less with the 3k or super ex­pander to work with NOTE when using the super expander or 3k RAM it may be necessary to  POKE b44,16' /bfor some programs But this is the only way some poorly written programs will run/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1174pt 2300pt 000pt 3402pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"SOLUTION #2 There is a program at the end of this booklet which span style" letter-spacing065pt;"will/span put the screen back at its original position and relocate basic to start above the screen RAM area This will allow you to use up to 24k of RAM for basic programming with these poorly written programs; and it has the side bene­fit of protecting the RAM area below the screen from being overrun by basic, and that is the area where you store the special characters you design for your own games Or you can store machine language sub­routines there without fear of destruction or using any of basic's memory area/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 17215pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22PAGE 14/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 7776pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bCARDB0ARD/3squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 3744pt 000pt 2028pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1212pt;"bSOLUTION #3 Additionally, there is a set of statements that /bspan style" letter-spacing130pt;"bwill/b/spanb allow you to pre-program any programs that you write to run in any VIC memory configurations/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2076pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bMake this one of your first program lines/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1104pt 5976pt 000pt 4212pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1200pt;"bS - 4  PEEK 36866 AND 128 + 64  PEEK36869 AND 112 I C laquo; 37888 + 4  PEEK 36866 AND 128/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 3732pt 000pt 2016pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"bYou can now peek or poke to the screen no matter where it is by using the variable S as the start of the screen memory locations and C as the start of the color memory lo­cations For example the third character location on the third /bspan style" letter-spacing115pt;"bline/b/spanb would be S+68/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1200pt 3744pt 000pt 2016pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3684pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"bIf you plan to use a special /bspan classfont9bicharacter /i/b/spanbset several more steps will be necessary This information is contained in the VIC-20 programmer's reference guide section on the quot;VICquot; chip pp 215/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1116pt 3696pt 000pt 2016pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3540pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"bArmed with all of this ammunition, you should be able to run just about any program on any memory configuration of a VIC-20 Remember, practice makes perfect Try out a few of the programs you have See which method works best for each program/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9213pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bCARDBQARD/3squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 15131pt 000pt 3462pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1078pt;"bSEVEN DIP SWITCHES EXAMINED /bspan classfont6 style" letter-spacing175pt;"bi/i/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1330pt 2037pt 000pt 3378pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3714pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1210pt;"bIt's time to deal with all those dip switchesThere are seven dip switches /bspan classfont9birefer /i/b/spanbto figure #4 We have already discussed the add seventh switch, so on to the re­maining six/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1162pt 2001pt 000pt 3426pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3618pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bBut first, more tech-talk We have de­scribed the 8k memory blocks as RAM areas 1, 2, 3  and 5  Any  of these blocks  can also/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3414pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22baccommodate ROM  memory/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3390pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bWait a /bspan style" letter-spacing050pt;"bjiffy,/b/spanb what is this ROM memory stuff/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3414pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bREAD ONLY MEMORY ROM/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3486pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont6bi/i/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1306pt 2001pt 000pt 3366pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3642pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bRead Only Memory, ROM for short, is the opposite of RAM in that it cannot be erased or modified by you and your VIC ROM is used to store pre-programmed games and /bspan style" letter-spacing080pt;"butilities/b/spanb For example, there are ROMs in­side your VIC-2copy; that contain the entire basic language you use for programming Other programs /bspan style" letter-spacing160pt;"blike/b/spanb the VIC quot;PROGRAMMERS AIDquot; cartridge come to you on ROMs Any program that comes in a plug-in cartridge format will be in ROM These ROMs will take up space in your VIC's available memory For example, a ROM might be assigned by its designer to work in BLK 5 If you have any­thing in that block, it /bspan style" letter-spacing160pt;"bwill/b/spanb have to go/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 8949pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont6bDIP   SWITCH   ASSIGNMENTS/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding311pt 000pt 000pt 9021pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont3bX X XXX /bspan style" font-variant small-caps;"bj|\ /b/spanbXXX JC XXX J|C XXX j| XXX X/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6158pt 000pt 21732pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-875pt;"span classfont4 style" line-height1150pt;"THIS SWITCH CONTROLS BLOCKS 1 amp; 2 FOR ALL THREE SLOTS/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 16053pt 000pt 14472pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont6 style" line-height1078pt;"bFIGURE     #   4 /b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 15981pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont6bPAGE   17/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9656pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bCARDBOARD/3squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 10998pt 000pt 3834pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3774pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1210pt;"bIt is a law of nature that you cannot have two things in the same place at the same time This is also true of memory in the VIC-20 You cannot have two things in the same BLK at the same time But wait, how can I have three games plugged into the supH/supCARDB0ARD/3squot; at the same time/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 11010pt 000pt 3822pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3642pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1210pt;"bRemember this line quot;The most valuable feature of the quot;CARDB0ARD/3ssupn/sup in our opin­ion is its /bspan style" letter-spacing110pt;"bability/b/spanb to switch select memory address linesquot;/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 10998pt 000pt 3810pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3618pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bWhen you, through your VIC-20, call up a ROM program, a group of address lines /bspan classfont9biare /i/b/spanbturned on This is how the VIC gets the information from a memory location In the quot;CARDB0ARD/3squot; we are able to re-route these lines manually, by the use of the seven dip switches; and that allows us to select one of several ROMs, or even RAMs, that would be assigned to the same location in the VIC's memory system without any conflict Be­cause, when the manually operated switch turns an address /bspan style" letter-spacing120pt;"bline/b/spanb off for a particular slot, the VIC can't quot;seequot; it, and, there­fore, can't use it So there is no conflict/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 8256pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22CARDB0ARD/3S supM/sup  -  INSTRUCTIONS/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2520pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22OK  SO WHAT DO ALL THOSE SWITCHES DO/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2304pt 3300pt 000pt 2484pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3612pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1200pt;"All plug-in cartridge programs that start automatically ie, games and utili­ties like the super expander, that you are not required to do anything special to use -in other words, quot;if it starts automatically when you turn on the VICquot; must be in BLK 5, because that is the only place the VIC-20 looks for them So, to allow you to switch between several of these games, all we need to do is allow you to turn on or off the baddress /bselect line bfor /bBLK 5 bto each slot /bon the quot;CARDBOARD/35quot;/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1200pt 3360pt 000pt 2544pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3552pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"The first, third and fifth switches on the seven switch dip switch group do just that Each switch feeds the BLK 5 address line to its respective slot 1, 2 or 3/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4860pt 000pt 7524pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-5004pt;"span classfont11 style" line-height1188pt; letter-spacing-075pt;"iNOTE'       Some-   pi ag- in   games   re qui re   that   the /ispan style" letter-spacing-020pt;"iswitch   to   the   right   of   the   BLK   5 /i/spanspan style" letter-spacing-050pt;"iswitch   he   turned   on   also-      So/i/spanspan classfont5 style" letter-spacing000pt;"isuby/sub    /i/spanspan classfont12 style" letter-spacing-020pt;"iif   a /i/spanspan classfont12 style" letter-spacing-045pt;"igame   doesn't   work   right/i/spanspan classfont24 style" letter-spacing-045pt;", /spanspan classfont12 style" letter-spacing-045pt;"itry   turning /i/spanspan classfont12 style" letter-spacing000pt;"ion    that   switch /i/spanspan classfont5 style" letter-spacing000pt;"isub/sub/i/spanspan classfont7 style" letter-spacing000pt;"itoo m/i/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1128pt 3396pt 000pt 2520pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3432pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1176pt;"Remember quot;you can only have ONE of those three switches on at any ONE timequot; Now is a good time to try out your new-found expertise!/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding2935pt 000pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-075pt;"bquot; CARDBQARD/3s quot;#9632;  -  1NSTRUCTIONS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 3474pt 000pt 3283pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1210pt;"bLet us try a short exercise, you will need two or more game cartridges, or one game cartridge and the super expander in all cases the super expander will be treated just like a game/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2384pt 000pt 000pt 7020pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-215pt;"b1/bspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; nbsp;/b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-025pt;"bTurn off VIC/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4265pt 000pt 9812pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-2899pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-175pt;"b2/bspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-010pt;"bPlug in as many of those auto-start /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"btype games as you have/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4301pt 000pt 9836pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bIf you have more than three, refer to the section on daisy chaining several quot;Cardboardsquot;/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6936pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-170pt;"b3/bspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-030pt;"bTurn /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"ball/b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-030pt;"b of the /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing130pt;"bdip/b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-030pt;"b switches off/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 5020pt 000pt 9836pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-2899pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-175pt;"b4/bspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; nbsp;/b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-010pt;"bTurn on VIC you should get a XXXX /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bBYTES FREE/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4193pt 000pt 9812pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-2899pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-175pt;"b5/bspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-005pt;"bSelect a game to play  Turn on its /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-015pt;"bBLK 5 /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bline/b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-015pt;"b by turning on the /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-010pt;"bappropriate /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing155pt;"bdip/b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-010pt;"b switch 1, 3 or 5/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 9320pt 000pt 9848pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-2899pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-175pt;"b6/bspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; nbsp;/b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-010pt;"bPush the RESET button on the /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bquot;CARDB0ARD/3Squot;/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6948pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-175pt;"b7/bspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-020pt;"bPlay the game/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4984pt 000pt 9836pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-2899pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bB  Select a different game by turning off the switch now on - then turning on a switch that corresponds to the new game/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6960pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"b9  Go to step #6/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1150pt 3342pt 000pt 3318pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3654pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1174pt;"bThe BLK 5 select switches can also be used to place RAM memory in BLK 5 But as we described earlier, this memory block is not useable for basic programming/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2616pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bWHAT ABOUT THE OTHER /bspan style" letter-spacing060pt;"bDIP/b/spanb SWITCHES/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2280pt 3252pt 000pt 2580pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3636pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1224pt;"bThe rest of /bspan style" letter-spacing175pt;"bdip/b/spanb switches control the BLK 3 address lines As before, you can have only one of these switches on at a time/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1176pt 3252pt 000pt 2580pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3624pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"bGenerally, the cartridges available at this time that /bspan style" letter-spacing110pt;"butilize/b/spanb BLK 3 /bspan classfont9bia^re /i/b/spanspan style" letter-spacing135pt;"butility /b/spanbprograms like the Programmer's Aid cartridge or VIC-mon, the machine language monitor cartridge If you are using one of these cartridges, you /bspan style" letter-spacing180pt;"bwill/b/spanb be /bspan style" letter-spacing150pt;"blimited/b/spanb to using only two 8k or one 16k RAM cartridge This will limit your basic programming area to 19xxx bytes free, because the next higher RAM would occupy the same memory location as /bspan style" letter-spacing-045pt;"bthe /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing125pt;"butility/b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-045pt;"b you are using in BLK 3/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1152pt 3300pt 000pt 2640pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3552pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"bThat should give you enough information to start really getting more out of your VIC-20/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 16344pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-040pt;"bPAGE 21/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9057pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bCARDBOARD/3squot;  -  INSTRUCTIDNS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 27830pt 000pt 3271pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1222pt;"bDICTIONARY /bspan classfont20b/b/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3247pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bDIP SWITCH/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 2408pt 000pt 3271pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3618pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1222pt;"bDual /bspan style" letter-spacing115pt;"bInline/b/spanb /bspan style" letter-spacing110pt;"bPin/b/spanb switch assembly - A switch or group of switches in a package of standardized size designed to be mounted directly on a printed circuit board/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3271pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bMEMORY ADDRESS LINE/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1090pt 2396pt 000pt 3235pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3642pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"bThe VIC-20 uses 16 Memory Address Lines to select which memory location it is ac­cessing Each /bspan style" letter-spacing145pt;"bline/b/spanb /bspan style" letter-spacing170pt;"bwill/b/spanb be either on lt; 1  or off  0  This provides a binary number in the range o-f 0000000000000000 to 1111111111111111 or, in decimal, copy; to 65535- For example, the binary number 0111000000000000 /bspan style" letter-spacing185pt;"bwill/b/spanb access the first byte o-f information in the character generator ROM at location 32768 But 0110000000000000 will access the first byte of information in RAM BLK #3 at location 24576/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3258pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bMEMORY BLK/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1090pt 000pt 000pt 6924pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bOr  Memory Block, is  a  group/bspan classfont9bnbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbof memory/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3354pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"blocations For our  usage in  this/bspan classfont9bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbtext,  we/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 2372pt 000pt 3306pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bwill  refer to a BLK as a group of/bspan classfont9bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanb8k  8k #9632; 8192  memory locations/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 17012pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bPASE 22/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 8110pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bCARDB0ARD/3Squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2348pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-065pt;"bPORT/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1150pt 3510pt 000pt 2372pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3594pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1210pt;"bA point at which the internal workings of a computer can send information to or receive information from the outside world The VIC-20 has several quot;PORTSquot; including the USER PORT, the GAME PORT and the MEMORY EXPANSION PORT  also see slot/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2396pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-090pt;"bRAM/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1126pt 3510pt 000pt 2384pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3606pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1210pt;"bRandom Access Memory - Memory used to store and retrieve information Information stored in RAM can be altered and/or erased See text for more information/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2444pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-090pt;"bROM/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1078pt 3498pt 000pt 2396pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3558pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1210pt;"bRead Only Memory - Permanent informa­tion storage Information stored in ROM cannot be altered or erased by the VIC-20/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2396pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" letter-spacing-075pt;"bSLOT/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1078pt 3474pt 000pt 2396pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3606pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bIn normal use a slot is the equivalnt of a port For our use in this manual we will intend a slot to mean one of the three female connectors where you plug in a car— tridge on the quot;CARDB0ARD/3squot; These /bspan classfont9biare /i/b/spanbthe electrical equivalent of the quot;MEMORY EXPANSION PORTquot; in the rear of your VIC-20/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 12900pt 000pt 26940pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-7860pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"bquot;CARDB0ARD/3squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS APPENDIX/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13968pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bAPPENDIX OF USEFUL INFORMATION/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 14064pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont20b/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 14004pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height3576pt;"bPROGRAM TO RELOCATE THE SCREEN/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding036pt 000pt 000pt 13980pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height3576pt;"bBy  EJ Lippert II/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 14088pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height3576pt;"b1copy; POKE 8192,00/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13956pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height2376pt;"b20 POKE 44,32/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 14028pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height2376pt;"b30 CLR/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding036pt 000pt 000pt 13968pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height2376pt;"b40 POKE 648,30/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13980pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height2376pt;"b50 POKE 36866,150/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13968pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height2376pt;"b60 POKE 36869,240/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 14004pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height2376pt;"b70 PRINT quot;CLEAR/HOMEquot;/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13980pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height2376pt;"b80 NEW/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1788pt 10872pt 000pt 19020pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-5040pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"bNOTE  This program must standi alone; it cannot be part o-f another program/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 19404pt 000pt 16608pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-7884pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1152pt;"bquot;CARDBDARD/3Squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS APPENDIX/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 4968pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont21bV/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3540pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22THE USE DF RAM MEMORY IN BLK 5/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2304pt 14292pt 000pt 3492pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3636pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"Even if BLK 5 cannot be accessed by basic for programming, it can be a very useful warehouse for data For example, you can peek at each location of the screen RAM and poke the entire screen into BLK 5 for safekeeping and recall it at any time You span classfont9icam /i/spando this with the screen color RAM, too! There is enough room in BLK 5 to store 16 complete screens, or 8 screens with color information This can be done with simple basic programming However, if you used a machine language sub-routine to store and recall the screen, it would happen so fast that you wouldn't even see it change This is how some arcade games achieve animation/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1164pt 14304pt 000pt 3528pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3612pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"BLK 5 can be used to store any kind of data In a program I wrote recently, which was to be used as a message center, each message was stored in BLK 5 and then retrieved as it was requested by the program The messages could then be changed at will without alteration to the basic program This also allowed over 8000 bytes of message storage without using any of the VIC-20s valuable basic programming area/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8721pt 000pt 15957pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-7847pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-520pt;"bsup11/sup/bspan style" letter-spacing-055pt;"bC ARDBDARD/3S quot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bAPPENDIX/b/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 3642pt 000pt 2983pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3558pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"bBut remember the only access to BLK 5 is through the basic PEEK/POKE commands, or machine language programming In fact, the entire 8k can be used to store machine language programs and/or sub-routines And that is exactly what the VIC Super Expander cartridge isit is a bunch of machine language sub-routines on ROM stored in BLK 5/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1162pt 3618pt 000pt 2995pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3606pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"bThe following program will demonstrate the use of BLK 5 RAM to swap and store two screens of information Set up requires one Sk RAM assigned to BLK 5 internal dip switch #1 on Use the supM/supCARDB0ARD/3squot; to select the RAM on /bspan style" letter-spacing160pt;"bAll/b/spanb switches should be off except the one you are using to select the BLK 5 RAM/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1186pt 3570pt 000pt 3067pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3498pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bPress reset, enter and save the program as shown Load and run the program Type in something then press the quot;f-1quot; function key The screen will show garbage, clear the screen And type in some more information Now press the quot;f-1quot; key again, and you will see what you typed in on the first screen The quot;f-lquot; key is now a switch to go from one screen to another This system /bspan classfont9bican /i/b/spanbbe used for as many as 16 screens using just BLK 5 And if you are a real perfectionist you can use the same process to store the color information from it's location at 37SBS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 16748pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bPAGE A3/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 19300pt 000pt 16796pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-7871pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1174pt;"bquot;CARDB0ARD/3Squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS APPENDIX/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3738pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bMACHINE LANGUAGE SCREEN SWAP PROGRAM/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding3570pt 000pt 000pt 3810pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b10 REM  EJ LIPPERT II/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3726pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b20 X4SS96/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3738pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b30 READ As IF A300 THEN GOTO 50/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3738pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b40 POKE X,A  XX+1 GOTO30/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3750pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b50 POKE 36879,110PRINT quot;CLR/HOME/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 25901pt 000pt 3786pt; text-alignleft; text-indent2132pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"bCTRL/WHITEquot; 60 Get A IF A  quot; quot; THEN 60/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 15011pt 000pt 3714pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b70 IF A lt;gt; CHR 133 THEN PRINT A;GOTO60 80 IF Pl THEN P0 SYS 48936 GOTO 60 90 Pl SYS 48896 GOTO 60/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1174pt 000pt 000pt 3822pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b100 DATA/bspan classfont9bnbsp; nbsp;/b/spanb162,0,189,0,30,157,0,161,232,208/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3834pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b110 DATA/bspan classfont9bnbsp; /b/spanb247,189,0,31,157,0,162,232,20B,247/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3870pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b120 DATA/bspan classfont9bnbsp; nbsp;/b/spanb1890,163,157,0,30,232,208,247189/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3846pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b130 DATA/bspan classfont9bnbsp; /b/spanb0,164,157,0,31,232,208,247,96,234/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3810pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b140 DATA/bspan classfont9bnbsp; nbsp;/b/spanb162,0,189,0,30,157,0,163,232,208/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3822pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b150 DATA/bspan classfont9bnbsp; nbsp;/b/spanb247,189,0,31,157,0,164,232,208,247/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3822pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b160 DATA/bspan classfont9bnbsp; nbsp;/b/spanb189,0,161,157,0,30,232,208,247,189/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3834pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b170 DATA/bspan classfont9bnbsp; /b/spanb0,162,157,0,3i,232,208,247,96,300/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2276pt 14196pt 000pt 3738pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bNOTE This program can be modified to swap more than two screens and it also can be made to swap screens under program control using a -for/next timing loop to provide real animation effects You have our permission to use this program or any of the programs in this booklet and reproduce all or any part of it/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8709pt 000pt 15191pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-7859pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1174pt;"bquot;CARDB0ARD/3squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS APPENDIX/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2264pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bDAISY CHAINING TO A quot;CARDBOARDSquot;/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding132pt 000pt 000pt 2324pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont1b^U /bspan style" font-variant small-caps;"bulf /b/spanbi\kp  /i^gt; i^lf /idU ^f ^ ^^ ^p ^U lt;^r gt;Jr  i^r ii- ^U t^ ^Lr ^ir ^Lr ^ d^ /bspan style" font-variant small-caps;"bOp ^Lp /b/spanbOfsup1/sup ^ iJp ^r ^^  ^ Jp i^ sfr/i/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 3630pt 000pt 2312pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3690pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1210pt;"bIt is possible to /bspan style" letter-spacing155pt;"blink/b/spanb together two or more expansion units such as one quot;CARDB0ARD/3squot; and one quot;CARDBOARD/6quot;/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1210pt 3606pt 000pt 2240pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3630pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bThis very simple process can add a 1ot /bspan style" letter-spacing-065pt;"bof /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing090pt;"b-flexibility/b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-065pt;"b to your system, and should be /b/spanbseriously considered if you -find yourself swapping cartridges a /bspan style" letter-spacing085pt;"blot/b/spanb because you have too many cartridges and not enough places to put them The addition of a supM/supCARDBDARD/6supM /supwill increase your slot count to eight available slots, adding a second quot;CARDBOARDSquot; wi 11 up it to thirteen slots available/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1198pt 3618pt 000pt 2228pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3618pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bDaisy Chaining is accomplished by plugging a quot;CARDB0ARD/6supM/sup into the end slot on the quot;CARDB0ARD/3squot;, then turn on the BLK 3 and BLK 5 switches that control the last slot and turn on switch 7 on the added board/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1150pt 3582pt 000pt 2288pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3546pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bDaisy chaining is /bspan style" letter-spacing120pt;"blimited/b/spanb only by the /bspan style" letter-spacing130pt;"bability/b/spanb of the VIC-ZO's power supply to keep up with the growing demand for power see figure #5 But we have found that two quot;CARDBOARD/6quot;s are well in range/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8650pt 000pt 16437pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-7847pt;"span classfont23 style" line-height1162pt; letter-spacing-070pt;"quot;CARDB0ARD/3squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS span style" letter-spacing000pt;"APPENDIX/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 4600pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont26bir\/i/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 4157pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-055pt;"VIC-20 MEMORY EXPANSION POWER REQUIREMENTS/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3510pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont17bft/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13178pt; text-alignleft;"/div
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div classblock style" width24367pt; height815pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3390pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-070pt;"CARTRIDGE TYPE/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 755pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-065pt;"REQUIREMENT/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding036pt 1174pt 000pt 3402pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1174pt; letter-spacing-075pt;"CARDB0ARD/3S span style" letter-spacing000pt;"3K RAM BK RAMs /spanspan style" letter-spacing-070pt;"GAME ROMs/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2779pt; text-alignleft;"/div
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div classblock style" width17982pt; height9416pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 3594pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-070pt;"b0 MILLIAMPS/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3606pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1186pt;"b4nbsp;/bspan style" letter-spacing-070pt;"bMILLIAMPS/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6469pt 000pt 2875pt; text-alignleft; text-indent707pt;"span classfont23 style" line-height1186pt;"5nbsp;span style" letter-spacing-070pt;"MILLIAMPS 30 MILLIAMPS/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6481pt 000pt 2863pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent2408pt;"span classfont23 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-115pt;"standby span style" letter-spacing-070pt;"50 MILLIAMPS/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6493pt 000pt 2851pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent2432pt;"span classfont23 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-115pt;"working span style" letter-spacing-070pt;"50 MilLIAMPS/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3330pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-070pt;"UTILITY ROMs/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 7332pt 000pt 3366pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1174pt; letter-spacing-070pt;"According to the book quot;THE VIC REVEALEDquot; span style" letter-spacing-060pt;"published by Nick Hampshire Pubs, 750 /spanspan style" letter-spacing-065pt;"MILLIAMPS is available at the port/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1186pt 7212pt 000pt 3354pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1210pt; letter-spacing-065pt;"The power requirements listed above were span style" letter-spacing-060pt;"determined by our own lab testing/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1126pt 5762pt 000pt 3354pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" line-height1174pt; letter-spacing-060pt;"WARNING THESE FIGURES ARE FOR COMMODORE span style" letter-spacing-055pt;"APPROVED DEVICES ONLY OTHER NON-STANDARD /spanspan style" letter-spacing-065pt;"DEVICES MAY VARY SIGNIFICANTLY AND CAUTION /spanspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"SHOULD BE EXERCISED/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 16437pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-080pt;"FIGURE #5/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding419pt 000pt 000pt 16484pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont2iJ% Jfi  /ispan classfont18lt;T- ^ ^ ^  /spanir r/i/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 17119pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-080pt;"PAGE A6/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8796pt 000pt 15888pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-7224pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1176pt;"bCARDB0ARD/3Squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS APPENDIX/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4428pt 000pt 2964pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22 style" line-height1200pt;"bTO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE WHAT GOES WHERE /bspan classfont20b/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1092pt 3684pt 000pt 2952pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1200pt;"bANY CARTRIDGE WILL WORK IN ANY SLOT ON THE quot;CARDBOARD/35quot;/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1236pt 3708pt 000pt 2904pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1188pt;"bTHIS SECTION IS DESIGNED TO TELL YOU WHAT ADDRESS LINES MUST BE TURNED ON TO ACCESS A PARTICULAR CARTRIDGE AND WHERE THE VIC-20 EXPECTS TO FIND IT/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2940pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22b3K RAM EXPANSION/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1140pt 3720pt 000pt 2916pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3648pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1200pt;"bGoes in RAM 1, RAM 2, amp; RAM 3 No special requirements; its access is automatic But, rememberit and the Super Expander cannot both be on quot;CARDB0ARD/3squot;/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2964pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bSUPER EXPANDER/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1116pt 3636pt 000pt 2976pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3600pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1212pt;"bSame as 3k RAM, but you must also turn on the BLK 5 switch if you wish to make use of the special commands/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 16692pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bPAGE A7/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8626pt 000pt 16760pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-7823pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1174pt;"bquot;CARDB0ARD/3squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS APPENDIX/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3738pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bSK RAM EXPANSION/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1126pt 3534pt 000pt 3702pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3666pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"bThere is an internal dip switch inside the case o-f each o-f these cartridges Re-fer to the instruction sheet that comes in the cartridge box This internal switch group can have only one switch on at a time/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1198pt 3570pt 000pt 3702pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b INTERNAL DIP SWITCH #4 Locates the RAM in memory BLK 1 You must have the supM/supCARDB0ARD/3squot; dip switch #7 on to use this /bspan style" letter-spacing-045pt;"bBLK This /b/spanbwill/bspan style" letter-spacing-045pt;"b give you /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing135pt;"bllxxx/b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-045pt;"b BYTES FREE/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1162pt 3570pt 000pt 3690pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"b INTERNAL DIP SWITCH #3 Locates the RAM to memory BLK 2 You must have an 8k RAM already in BLK 1 and the sup,,/supCARDBaARD/3ssupM/sup dip switch #7 on to make use o-f this BLK This will /bspan style" letter-spacing-040pt;"bgive you a quot;BYTES FREEquot; o-f 19xxx/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1186pt 3582pt 000pt 3654pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"b INTERNAL DIP SWITCH #2 Locates the RAM to memory BLK 3 You must have Sk RAMs in BLK 1 amp; BLK 2 and the quot;CARDB0ARD/3ssupM/sup dip switch #7 an AND you must turn an the quot;CARDBDARD/Ssquot; dip switch -for BLK 3 see -figure #4, Page #9 for that slot This will give you 2Sxxx BYTES FREE/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1222pt 3570pt 000pt 3714pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1174pt;"b INTERNAL DIP SWITCH #1 Locates the RAM to memory BLK 5 You /bspan classfont9biaramp; /i/b/spanbonly required to turn on the supn/supCARDB0ARD/3squot; dip switch -for BLK 5 see -figure #4, Page #9 -for that slot/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 17443pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bPAGE AS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8793pt 000pt 15969pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-7859pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"bquot;CARDBOARD/3squot;  -  INSTRUCTIDNS APPENDIX/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2216pt 000pt 000pt 3151pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22b16k RAM EXPANSION/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1138pt 3702pt 000pt 2995pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3570pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1210pt;"bThis unit -from Commodore probably will not contain any internal dip switches And you will be required to get out your soldering iron and a sharp /bspan style" letter-spacing110pt;"bknife/b/spanb if you want to use two 16k Commodore RAM cards at the same time As supplied -from Commodore the 16k RAM is assigned to blocks 1 amp; 2 It can be reassigned but you should consult your Commodore dealer be-fore attempting this modification to your 16k RAM/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1186pt 3774pt 000pt 3019pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3594pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1198pt;"bIf you have a CARDCO, Inc quot;CARDRAM/16quot; 16k RAM however, you may treat each group of four switches as a separate 8k RAM group and proceed as per instructions for the 8k RAMs/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3055pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bPLUG-IN GAMES/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1114pt 3678pt 000pt 3031pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3618pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bAll plug-in games that start up automatically will require that the BLK 5 dip switch for the appropriate slot be turned on see figure #4, Page #9/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1150pt 3726pt 000pt 3079pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"b ADDITIONALLY Some of those games will also require that the BLK 3 dip switch be turned on, as well/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3151pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bPROGRAMMER'S AID/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1102pt 3618pt 000pt 3043pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3618pt;"span classfont22 style" line-height1186pt;"bThis cartridge resides in BLK 3 and will require that the BLK 3 dip switch on the supM/supCARDB0ARD/3squot; be turned on see figure #4, Pg 9 This /bspan style" letter-spacing200pt;"bwill/b/spanb also mean that any other slot using BLK 3 must be turned off/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 16796pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont22bPAGE A9/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 886pt; text-alignleft;"/div
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div classblock style" width39498pt; height1977pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8374pt 000pt 16700pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-7224pt;"span classfont23 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-070pt;"bCARDBOARD/3squot;  -  INSTRUCTIDNS /bspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bAPPENDIX/b/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 4073pt; text-alignleft;"/div
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div classblock style" width23768pt; height9225pt; padding000pt 7320pt 000pt 8410pt;"
img src"vicexpansion-5jpg" alt"" style" width23768pt; height9225pt;"/div
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div classblock style" width39498pt; height22391pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 3714pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-065pt;"bVIC-MON MACHINE LANGUAGE MONITOR/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1054pt 3283pt 000pt 3654pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3654pt;"span classfont23 style" line-height1198pt; letter-spacing-060pt;"bVIC-MON resides in BLK 3, and the same /bspan style" letter-spacing-055pt;"buseage requirements that applied to the /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-050pt;"bProgrammer's Aid cartridge /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bwill/b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-050pt;"b apply to /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bVIC-MON/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2468pt 000pt 000pt 3690pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont6iNOTICE-/i/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1162pt 3258pt 000pt 3630pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent3774pt;"span classfont27 style" line-height1186pt;"iThis is the most accurate information we have avail able at this time, amp;s new games and uti1ities become avai1able they may require di fferent memory 1ocations than those listed here The quot;C8RBBQQRB/3squot; will work with all the above listed cartridges and with some creativity on your part you should be able to utilize it with most of the   soon   to   be   introduced   VIC-2amp;   equi pment/i/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 16712pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-075pt;"bPAGE A10/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 9033pt 000pt 15790pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-7919pt;"span classfont23 style" line-height1186pt; letter-spacing-060pt;"bquot;CARDB0ARD/3Squot;  -  INSTRUCTIONS /bspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bAPPENDIX/b/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 10686pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-065pt;"bDON'T FORGET THE RULES/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding443pt 000pt 000pt 10734pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont0bi^k  /i/bspan classfont16b^raquo; /b/spanbi^k  /i/bspan classfont16b^p ^p\ ^pgt; ^k /b/spanbi^L  /i/bspan classfont16b^w i^i ^p J^gt; /b/spanspan style" font-variant small-caps;"biJt'  /i/b/spanspan classfont16b'p- ^^ rfffc ^ /pgt; ^v jfb ^k ^ ^/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1354pt 4888pt 000pt 3366pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont23 style" line-height3642pt; letter-spacing-070pt;"bTURN OFF YOUR VIC WHEN CHANGING CARTRIDGES /bspan style" letter-spacing-055pt;"bONLY ONE BLK 3 SWITCH CAN BE ON AT A TIME /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-065pt;"bONLY ONE BLK 5  SWITCH CAN BE ON AT A TIME/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 3474pt 000pt 3378pt; text-alignleft; text-indent1653pt;"span classfont23 style" line-height3750pt; letter-spacing-045pt;"bdip/bspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"b /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-140pt;"bswitch # 7 is a /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing005pt;"bblock/b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-140pt;"b # 1 S- 2 /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-060pt;"bswitch, /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-055pt;"bWHEN ALL ELSE FAILS  READ THE INSTRUCTIONS/b/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 15754pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont23 style" letter-spacing-145pt;"bPAGE /bspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bAll/b/span/span/div
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p</description><link>http://dogandpanda.com/production/vicexpansion.htm</link><pubDate>Wed, 06 Jan 2010 16:14:41 GMT</pubDate></item><item><title>turtlesuorcebook.htm</title><description>!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 40 Transitional//EN"
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 7392pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont29bDONNA BEARDED KATHLEEN MARTIN  JIM MULLER/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1212pt 4872pt 000pt 7572pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont18 style" line-height1392pt;"Join the Young People s 'o,; Association's turtle and rabbit, distant cousins of the famous tortoise and i/are /iin this easy-to-read, comprehensive and ifun /ibook as they explore the fundamentals of programming and using Logo Authors Bearden, Martin and Muller, all from YPLA/have •compiled step-by-step explanations, activities, and work­sheets for you and your students that illustrate the concepts of turtle graphics in Logo Some of the worksheets and activities have been developed for group use away from the computer All of them have bgenlcLassrpopri tested and alhSf theYn iwork\/i/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding720pt 4944pt 000pt 7608pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont18 style" line-height1416pt;"Ideas on Turtles, Rabbits,,Children and Learning • Technological Turtle Tools reg; The Structure of Programming • Digging Into Logo • Turtle Commands • Defining Pro­cedures • Variables w Curves and Circles • Recursion • Conditionals reg; Tesselations • Designing With Color • Turtle Positions • Fun With Words reg; Editing Features • A Logo Reference and Resource Guide • Logo Procedures • Logo for Pre-Schoolers # Logo Cross-Reference Guide/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 11196pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont204 style" line-height2592pt;"bThe Turtle's Sourcebook/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 8460pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont172bISBN 0-8359-7890-7/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 8628pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont172 style" line-height1116pt;"bcopy;1983/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 40032pt 000pt 8520pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont172 style" line-height1116pt;"bby Reston Publishing Company, Inc A Prentice-Hall Company Reston, Virginia 22090/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 33984pt 000pt 8592pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont172 style" line-height1104pt;"bAll rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any way, or by any means, without per­mission in writing from the publisher /bspan style" letter-spacing-060pt;"b10      /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing1625pt;"b987654321/b/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 25625pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont186 style" line-height1821pt;"bCONTENTS/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2252pt 000pt 000pt 13406pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175The Turtle's Sourcebookspan style" letter-spacing-060pt;"IX/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding982pt 000pt 000pt 13418pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1306pt;"The Turtle's Sourcebook1/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 31675pt 000pt 13430pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1306pt;"Ideas About Turtles, Rabbits, Children, and Learning/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding910pt 000pt 000pt 13418pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175The Tortoise and the Hare3/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding982pt 000pt 000pt 13430pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"bChapter /b1/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13442pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"Technological Turtle Tools9/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 13454pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"The Structure of Programming17/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13489pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"Digging Into Logo23/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding982pt 000pt 000pt 13454pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bChapter 2/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13454pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Turtle Commands27/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1234pt 000pt 000pt 13406pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bChapter 3/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13442pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Defining Procedures69/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding982pt 000pt 000pt 13430pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bChapter /b4/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13442pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Variables87/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding934pt 000pt 000pt 13430pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bChapter /b5/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13454pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Curves and Circles101/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding934pt 000pt 000pt 13442pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bChapter /b6/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13466pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Recursion117/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding958pt 000pt 000pt 13454pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bChapter 7/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13454pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Conditionals129/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding922pt 000pt 000pt 13442pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bChapter 8/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13442pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Tesselations141/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding934pt 000pt 000pt 13454pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bChapter /b9/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13489pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Designing With Color151/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding994pt 000pt 000pt 13477pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bChapter /b10/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13466pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Turtle Positions165/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding922pt 000pt 000pt 13454pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bChapter /b11/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 13477pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Fun With Words181/span/div
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div classblock style" width60439pt; height827pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 30669pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175VII/span/div
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div classblock style" width28129pt; height2348pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 11153pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bAppendix A/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 11189pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Editing Features/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding1078pt 000pt 000pt 17048pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175199/span/div
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div classblock style" width60487pt; height15658pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 11165pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bAppendix B/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 11189pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175A Logo Reference and Resource Guide203/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding982pt 000pt 000pt 11165pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"bAppendix C/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 11201pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"Logo Procedures/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 11165pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"Graphics Dumps Procedures/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 11165pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"The Towers of Hanoi209/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding982pt 000pt 000pt 11165pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bAppendix D/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 11201pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Logo for Preschoolers217/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding946pt 000pt 000pt 11165pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bAppendix E/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 11201pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Logo Cross Reference Guide225/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 28129pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175VIII/span/div
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div classblock style" width8604pt; height26808pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding9600pt 6228pt 000pt 936pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont129 style" line-height4056pt;"bI 1/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1092pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont208 style" line-height4056pt;"br/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"span classfont186bThe Turtle's Sourcebook ••/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding672pt 6372pt 000pt 120pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"bwas developed using the versions of Logo available for the Apple II and TI home computers Since then, other versions of Logo have been made available and new versions will be coming out in the near future In addition, there are an increasing number of programs which pro­vide Turtle Graphics features but without the list processing capabilities of Logo/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 6480pt 000pt 168pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bSome of these new versions of the language offer new enhancements and other features which exemplify the evolution of Logo/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1272pt 6324pt 000pt 168pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bThe preliminary version of Logo for the Atari computers is very much like Apple Logo Logo Computer Systems Inc developed both versions Users should be able to follow the Apple Logo commands in the Sourcebook with no problem Only Atari Logo offers con­siderably more capabilities than explored in this book It includes 127 colors, up to four Turtles on the screen at once Each Turtle can draw with three pens The Turtle will play music It will move at an assigned speed It is shaped like a Turtle to accurately define its attitude and direction In addition, the language will come in a plug-in cartridge which af­fords the user considerably more free memory than existing versions/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 6300pt 000pt 192pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"bCommodore Logo, developed by Terrapin, Inc, is very similiar to MIT Logo, only it of­fers more colors and color capabilities Users should be able to use the MIT Logo listings in this book with no problem You will need to refer to your Reference Guide for more in­formation on color and graphics/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1272pt 6276pt 000pt 192pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bColor Logo for the Radio Shack Color Computer is a Turtle Graphics implementation which can be used with this book Color Logo is limited to integer math and does not in­clude list processing commands There are, however, a number of additional operations which can be performed using Color Logo which are deserving of mention here/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1320pt 6288pt 000pt 204pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bMost importantly, Color Logo offers the opportunity to develop additional Turtles through the HATCH command As in MIT Logo, the shape of the Turtle can be changed Only in the case of Color Logo, the shape of each of up to 255 Turtles can be changed offering one of the most comprehensive opportunities for on-screen animation/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1272pt 6288pt 000pt 240pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"bColor Logo also offers a DOODLE mode that is particularly useful by primary grade and preschool children/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 6264pt 000pt 228pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bCyberLOGO is another Turtle Graphics implementation for the Apple II and requires only 48K of memory Many of its procedures can be done using the Turtle Graphics com­mands listed in the Sourcebook Like Color Logo and TI Logo, CyberLOGO is limited to integer mathematics Also like Color Logo, it includes a SKETCH mode which is particularly useful by primary and preschool children/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1260pt 6240pt 000pt 264pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"bOne of the most helpful features of CyberLOGO is the HELP command which provides comprehensive on-screen instructions Referring to the HELP screen does not alter the pro­cedures in process/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1272pt 6204pt 000pt 288pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"bBy the time this book gets into circulation, Mattel Logo, DR Logo for the IBM PC and CP/M systems will be also available In addition, Logo will be available for the Spectra Vi­sion computer and for others we haven't thought of yet We welcome them all We hope you will also The proliferation can only serve to make Logo more valuable Learning about the different versions can only serve to make you a more understanding user and teacher/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1164pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont129 style" line-height2988pt;"bi/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding648pt 6096pt 000pt 1140pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont238 style" line-height3984pt;"bi i/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding096pt 000pt 000pt 1164pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont208 style" line-height3564pt;"br/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding444pt 6000pt 000pt 1224pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont208 style" line-height3984pt;"br r r r/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding324pt 6012pt 000pt 1260pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont86 style" line-height4008pt;"br r r/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 31128pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont20bIX/b/span/div
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td classcell colspan"2" valign"top" style" width60535pt;"
div classblock style" width60535pt; height1030pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 18437pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bTurtle Graphics Cross Reference/b/span/div
/div
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/td
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div classblock style" width60535pt; height12759pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 9129pt 000pt 5774pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1030pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"A cross reference of the various Logo implementations is provided in the appendix This listing is designed to help you with this book It is not meant to be a complete listing of any of the versions Refer to your language reference guide for more information on your particular version/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1258pt 000pt 000pt 6841pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175quot;Pobody's Nerfect!quot;/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1282pt 9249pt 000pt 5882pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1006pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"Yes, we make all sorts of mistakes If you find errors in any of the listings in this book, or if you have any problems, please let us know so we can correct these Any corrections will be published in our monthly newspapers, bTurtle News and Logo Newsletter/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width31004pt; height4504pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding096pt 000pt 000pt 19372pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont192bitj^ti^Me^/i/b/span/div
/div
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div classblock style" width29531pt; height4504pt;"
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"span classfont69b^£;/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width26620pt; height11932pt; padding000pt 18964pt 000pt 14951pt;"
img src"turtlesuorcebook-6jpg" alt"" style" width26620pt; height11932pt;"/div
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div classblock style" width60535pt; height3642pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 3414pt 000pt 000pt; text-aligncenter;"span classfont175 style" line-height1306pt;"Young Peoples' LOGO Association/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 3438pt 000pt 000pt; text-aligncenter;"span classfont175 style" line-height1306pt;"PO Box 855067/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 3414pt 000pt 000pt; text-aligncenter;"span classfont175 style" line-height1306pt;"RichardsonJX 75085/span/div
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div classblock style" width60535pt; height791pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 28201pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont18bX/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width60156pt; height10872pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 8616pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont198 style" line-height2676pt;"bTHE TURTLE'S SOURCEBOOK/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding480pt 10764pt 000pt 16392pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-3936pt;"span classfont186 style" line-height1980pt;"bIDEAS ABOUT TURTLES, RABBITS, CHILDREN, AND LEARNING/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1992pt 000pt 000pt 17952pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont186 style" line-height2124pt;"bOn and Off the Computer/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width24192pt; height22224pt; padding000pt 17004pt 000pt 18960pt;"
img src"turtlesuorcebook-7jpg" alt"" style" width24192pt; height22224pt;"/div
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div classparagraph style" padding3144pt 000pt 000pt 1104pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont86 style" line-height2304pt;"br/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width51636pt; height30036pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1056pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175Hi! Allow me to introduce myself/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 6132pt 000pt 036pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"I'm Logy, the Logo Turtle You'll be seeing me throughout this book, pointing out some of the special activities and fun-things you and your children can do both on the computer and off For the parents and teachers who may well be looking upon the computer age as more revolting than revolutionary, my friends and I have put together bThe Turtle's Sourcebook /bWe've been there/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1332pt 6072pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"We can appreciate the stark reality of one teacher, one computer, 25 students, and a 45-minute class period How can you make the most of the computer as a learning tool under these circumstances We feel for the parents who feel out of touch with the age in which their children are developing/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 000pt 000pt 1032pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175This book is for you/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1248pt 6012pt 000pt 012pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bThe Turtle's Sourcebook /bis a full of practical, down-to-earth ideas on how to make the most of the time you and your children spend with Logo and the computer It is not a comprehensive reference guide to Logo or the computer But we would like to think it's a guide to more effective thinking We start with the fundamentals of Turtle Graphics With the help of a wide range of off- and on-computer activities, plus an assortment of worksheets and quot;cue cardsquot; for the children, we look to provide all of you with a sound introduction to the learning — and thinking — fun to be found in Logo and Turtle Graphics/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1152pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont86 style" line-height2940pt;"br/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding4572pt 6168pt 000pt 1056pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont86 style" line-height4032pt;"br r/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8736pt 000pt 6648pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1068pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"For the children, who want their own workbook, we have written, b1, 2, 3, My Com­puter and Me /bThat is an illustrated Logo funbook for elementary school-aged children Both of these books offer the same practical, structured approach to exploring the learn­ing opportunities of Logo and Turtle Geometry Along the way, you'll discover some pret­ty exciting ideas/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1404pt 8784pt 000pt 6564pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"This is what this bSourcebook /bis really all about — discovering new ideas And because this is an ever-changing process, we hope you'll participate in this process by sharing your ideas and experiences As we test new concepts and activities, we will report on these through our own monthly publications/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 000pt 000pt 7584pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175You can help with this exchange/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 8844pt 000pt 6492pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"Once you have worked — or played — through these exercises, we'd like your comments If you are working with a group of youngsters and come up with activities or examples that are particularly helpful, we would love to hear about them One thing we have learned about children and computers — they love to share ideas with their friends/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1272pt 000pt 000pt 7548pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175We're no different! Please keep in touch/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1260pt 2364pt 000pt 000pt; text-aligncenter;"span classfont175 style" line-height1320pt;"Young Peoples' LOGO Association/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 2292pt 000pt 000pt; text-aligncenter;"span classfont175 style" line-height1320pt;"PO Box 855067/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 2268pt 000pt 000pt; text-aligncenter;"span classfont175 style" line-height1320pt;"Richardson, TX 75085/span/div
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div classblock style" width60924pt; height816pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 29208pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont18b2/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width60128pt; height4552pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9009pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont199 style" line-height2588pt;"bTHE TORTOISE AND THE HARE/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding827pt 000pt 000pt 9883pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont182bA COMPUTERIZED UPDATE OF THE AGELESS FABLE/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width39175pt; height29135pt; padding000pt 7895pt 000pt 13058pt;"
img src"turtlesuorcebook-8jpg" alt"" style" width39175pt; height29135pt;"/div
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div classblock style" width60128pt; height10207pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 5583pt 000pt 8985pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1006pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"bOnce upon a time there was a tortoise who moved very slowly but steadily along He enjoyed his slow, easy life, learning from every new tree and every new experience And once upon that same time there was a hare who leaped and hopped all about Now the hare was always teasing the tortoise for his slow steady pace but the tortoise never retorted He just kept minding her own business, moving steadily forward step by step, learning more from each new sight and sound/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1306pt 000pt 000pt 10039pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bBut one day, tortoise had just had it with the hare He had teased him one too many times/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width30837pt; height8410pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding2108pt 299pt 000pt 9033pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1018pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1270pt;"bquot;Hare,quot; he said, quot;I challenge you to a race Whoever can make it to the other side of the forest and back first is the winnerquot;/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width24918pt; height8410pt; padding000pt 4373pt 000pt 000pt;"
img src"turtlesuorcebook-9jpg" alt"" style" width24918pt; height8410pt;"/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 5559pt 000pt 9045pt; text-alignleft; text-indent970pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1258pt;"bThe hare laughed so hard he had to hold his sides and roll on the ground He readily agreed and the race began/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width60128pt; height850pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 31483pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont20b3/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6024pt 000pt 024pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"The tortoise started off at a slow but steady pace — step, step, step, never faster, never slower The hare leaped and hopped and did cartwheels around the tortoise, and then he sped off towards the other side of the forest/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 6036pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"As you have probably already guessed, or you already knew, because your Grandfather read the real version of this story to you when you were only three years old, the tortoise won the race and the hare was very em­barrassed and never teased the tortoise again/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6528pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175And that's probably where your Grandfather's story ended/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1272pt 9372pt 000pt 5520pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1320pt;"Well, once upon a much later time, there was a turtle He was a distant cousin of the grandchild of the now-famous tortoise And, of course, there was a rabbit a distant cousin of the grandchild of the now-infamous hare/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 432pt 000pt 5496pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"Both the turtle and the rabbit were given the opportunity to learn about computers and Logo They were both delighted and couldn't wait to see what they could do/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1332pt 408pt 000pt 5508pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"The turtle began to explore Logo and the computer, one step at a time The rabbit glanced at the first chapter of the Sourcebook, which was such an easy chapter that he understood it at once He bounced from one chapter to another, back and forth, and then he glanced over at the turtle who was still on Chapter 1/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding7884pt 000pt 000pt 396pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont16bsup1/sup/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding8664pt 000pt 000pt 1092pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175quot;Hey, that's easy stuff,quot; he said quot;Look at this!quot;/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 6564pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"The turtle was impressed with what the rabbit could do, but he was having a lot of fun on his own He seemed to know that if he kept working along steadily, he would even­tually be able to do the marvelous things the rabbit copied from the bSourcebook/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding8988pt 000pt 000pt 480pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont61 style" line-height2112pt;"bii/i/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding1188pt 6432pt 000pt 864pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont94 style" line-height4032pt;"br r r/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding4068pt 6360pt 000pt 624pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont94 style" line-height4044pt;"br r r r r r r r r r r r r r/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6000pt 000pt 036pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1344pt;"bDays passed and the rabbit was still bouncing from one thing to another By now the turtle was up to Chapter 2/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 5964pt 000pt 084pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bOne day, the rabbit glanced over the turtle's shoulder He was just about to say, quot;Are you still on the easy stuffquot; But when he saw the screen, he looked puzzled and said, quot;Hey! How'd you do thatquot;/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 5988pt 000pt 108pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bThe turtle explained slowly, step by step, what he had done to make the wonderful pro­cedure on the screen But the rabbit didn't understand That wonderful procedure was nowhere in the book He knew, because by now, he had tried every example in every chapter/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 000pt 000pt 1116pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bquot;But, Rabbit,quot; explained the turtle, quot;my procedure's not in the book I made it upquot;/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1236pt 000pt 000pt 1092pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bquot;But how did you do thatquot; questioned the rabbit quot;How did you know what to doquot;/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 5736pt 000pt 012pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bquot;Gee, I thought you knew, Rabbit,quot; said the turtle as he turned the page to Chapter 3 quot;Logo is the most fun when you start with what you know and then learn to use your imagination to create new things It helps you understand what you're doing if you'll get away from the computer for awhile and see how these ideas relate to our everyday world Sometimes it is fun to make up a game using Logo and Turtle Graphics commands/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6060pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1092pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"bquot;Did you ever think of playing Logo baseball What about Logo footballquot; asked the turtle quot;How are you ever going to learn if you don't use your imaginationquot;/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 000pt 000pt 1476pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bThe rabbit was getting embarrassed and so he just kept quiet/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 6036pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1080pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bquot;Logo is a language which allows you to explore all of the wonderful things a computer can do What's really fun is that you can do just about all of the activities off the computer as well as at the console And you couldn't possibly fit all of that into just one book,quot; said the turtle/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 5976pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bquot;Logo isn't like BASIC, just a small number of commands that you must use within the same program,quot; said the turtle quot;Logo is a language of imagination If you want the com­puter to do something, all you have to do is teach it how — really!quot;/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1320pt 000pt 000pt 1092pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bquot;If Logo is so great, why are there so many BASIC programs aroundquot; asked the rabbit/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1188pt 5964pt 000pt 036pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1080pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bquot;There are lots of mosquitos, ticks and annoying carrot crunchers around also, but that doesn't mean I have to like them more than a nice, cool piece of crisp lettuce,quot; said the turtle/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 5976pt 000pt 024pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bquot;Let's face it, Rabbit! BASIC was old hat when your father was your age Now we don't have to use a limited symbolic instruction code,quot; said the Turtle/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6168pt 000pt 5880pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent960pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"quot;When you think about it, BASIC isn't a language as everyone thinks about languages It is a symbolic code — just as the definition says,quot; Turtle added quot;Can you imagine what would happen if I told someone to GOSUB I'd either have a sore jaw or they'd ship me off to the funny farmquot;/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1344pt 6288pt 000pt 5712pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1068pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"quot;BASIC is now 21 years old And I really have no complaint with it — I respect age And, yeah, it is certainly good to know more than one language on more than one com­puter,quot; Turtle went on to say quot;But computers are far more powerful than they were back in 1962 If you look at a lot of the really good BASIC programs being done, you'll find that BASIC is used primarily as a means of getting to assembly language But Logo can do that, too Come on! Get your head together, get structured!quot;/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding864pt 6252pt 000pt 5724pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent384pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"quot;Now we can talk to the computer in our own everyday vocabulary We can even design our own computer language to mean what we want it to mean If we want to draw com­plicated pictures, all we have to do is start out with simple commands like FORWARD, BACK, LEFT and RIGHT And any three year old understands that language If we want to make word games or write other messages, all we have to do is teach the computer how,quot; the turtle added/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding744pt 6408pt 000pt 5616pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"quot;Why bother I don't have to use a computer to draw those pictures I can do it with crayons or pencils in a lot less time,quot; the rabbit said/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1236pt 6384pt 000pt 5628pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1008pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1344pt;"quot;You have been pounding on that computer keyboard for days now Haven't you learn­ed anythingquot; asked the turtle/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1224pt 6408pt 000pt 5700pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1008pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1344pt;"quot;Sure! I know all of the procedures in the book Here, just ask me to list any one of them,quot; answered the rabbit/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1056pt 6396pt 000pt 5628pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1068pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"quot;You know, my mother told me all about how she used to sit in school reciting math tables and memorizing spelling words; how she learned everything by 'rote,'quot; said the tur­tle quot;Well, look up that word in the dictionary It will tell you that rote is 'the use of memory, usually with little intelligence' You may have memorized all of those procedures, but I wouldn't dare say anything about the intelligence involvedquot;/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6696pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175quot;Yeah, but I can still draw faster with crayons,quot; the rabbit retorted/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1272pt 6408pt 000pt 5652pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1068pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"quot;C'mon, now Use that thing between those oversized ears,quot; added the turtle quot;If all I wanted to do was draw, I'd use a graphics program Logo is a lot more than that Most importantly, it teaches you how to think Drawing on the screen helps you visualize a prob­lem, break it down into its component parts, analyze those parts, and then learn how to structure a solution one step at a time The color, drawing and other activities and Logo games you can play off the computer just help make it fun and more understandable But you soon see that you can solve all sorts of other problems the same way, one step at a time/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1320pt 6396pt 000pt 5724pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1008pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1260pt;"quot;Now why don't you go back to page 1 and start over,quot; scolded the turtlequot;Give your imagination a chance — not an excuse Get up! Walk around! Feel what you're doing on the screen Who knows You might even learn something!quot;/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 6372pt 000pt 5772pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"This really got to the rabbit He'd had enough harassment for one day and he wasn't about to be outdone again/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 6396pt 000pt 5784pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1008pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"And so he sat down with the bSourcebook /band began to read Soon he saw that he could design his own complex geometric figures and write some neat text programs Mistakes/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6252pt 000pt 864pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont92 style" line-height4056pt;"br r r r r r r r r r r r r r/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 1008pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont92 style" line-height4056pt;"br/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding180pt 000pt 000pt 972pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont92 style" line-height3168pt;"br/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1020pt 000pt 000pt 888pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont92 style" line-height3336pt;"br/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding792pt 000pt 000pt 900pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont201 style" line-height2856pt;"br/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 6060pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"weren't embarrassing anymore He didn't even mind walking through the off-computer ex­ercises In fact, they were really where the fun began It was almost as much fun making up activities as it was making up procedures and debugging them/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 6144pt 000pt 072pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"And, yes! The rabbit was soon visualizing all sorts of things, and assembling his thoughts in a procedural, though very creative manner And when he finally got his procedure to run correctly, he did a couple of cartwheels He puffed out his chest in pride, straightened his ears, and then called the turtle over to see/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 6180pt 000pt 132pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"quot;Hey, that's the idea,quot; said the turtle quot;You know, Logo makes learning a lot of fun It is a language all its own that makes solving problems easyquot;/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 6036pt 000pt 132pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"quot;Yeah, you know I used to think that arithmetic and mathematics were just a bunch of tables and formulas that were a pain to memorize,quot; said the rabbit quot;But this begins to make a lot of sense Just like English and French are languages humans speak, math is a problem-solving language computers speak And it's not just for computers I've been thinking about it and can see how a lot of things fit together I'll bet these analytical skills we have developed at the computer can help us do all sorts of other thingsquot;/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 000pt 000pt 1176pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175quot;Surprise! Surprise!quot; said the turtle/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 000pt 000pt 1188pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175quot;But, Turtle, how did you know all of that so fastquot; added the rabbit/span/div
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img src"turtlesuorcebook-14jpg" alt"" style" width12528pt; height17664pt;"/div
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div classparagraph style" padding6228pt 6072pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"quot;Rabbit,quot; answered the turtle quot;I have to be honest with you See that small triangle on the screen That's really my cybernetic cousin, Ernestine She's the Logo turtle who really makes all of these great Logo pictures possible/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1176pt 000pt 000pt 1056pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175quot;Let's just say it runs in the familyquot;/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 384pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bEpilog/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding384pt 5784pt 000pt 336pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"Today's young people are growing up in the midst of an information and technological explosion Some are rabbits, hopping around, picking up all of the information and ex­perience they can — and then wondering how to use it all Others are turtles, exploring each new phase of their rapidly changing environment, observing each step from different perspectives, discovering new ways to synthesize each new experience into their lives/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1368pt 5772pt 000pt 384pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1236pt;"Today's parents and teachers must also face this information and technological explo­sion And this can be far more perplexing for adults than it is for young people/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 5700pt 000pt 360pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"To some adults, this microelectronic revolution is the bright new hope for the future They view it as the chance for young people to break out of the mechanical structures of the past and explore the power of the imagination It is the opportunity for them to use their minds more effectively and efficiently/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8604pt 000pt 5544pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1104pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bTo others, it is viewed as a threat to family unity, a sword to further divide the genera­tions, another disruption of parental and school authority/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1320pt 8544pt 000pt 5472pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1008pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bTo the Young Peoples' LOGO Association, it is an opportunity Neither Logo nor the computer is a magical device which will automatically make the users more intelligent They are merely advanced technological tools which need to be used effectively to enhance lear­ning Of course, humans have been abusing technology since our prehistoric ancestors first found that the rock that split open a coconut could split open the enemy's head with equal ease Most certainly, the computer offers opportunity for technological abuse/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1344pt 8568pt 000pt 5496pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent948pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bLet's put the computer into proper perspective It is nothing more or less than a tool to enhance learning Logo is nothing more or less than a language to make this tool easier to use Both need to be effectively integrated into the educational process We may then be able to take better advantage of this golden technological opportunity/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1272pt 8580pt 000pt 5520pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"bIf young people are given the opportunity to develop the analytical skills required to make intelligent choices, the chance to develop confidence in their decisions, and the understand­ing to make to the most of them, there may not be a whole lot to worry about/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 10068pt 000pt 14688pt; text-alignleft; text-indent11520pt;"span classfont186 style" line-height2004pt;"bCHAPTER 1 TECHNOLOGICAL TURTLE TOOLS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6108pt 000pt 8412pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent984pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bA question parents often put to educators is, quot;Don't computers diminish a child's ability or desire to learn the basics, such as adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing Aren't these merely crutches, a lazy way to solve problems/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 6084pt 000pt 8424pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bFirst of all, mathematics is far more than just the simple working of formulas to get a correct answer Mathematics is a language, a systematic approach to solving problems Often students — and adults — get so bogged down with the basics that they quot;drop outquot; and never really learn what mathematics is all about/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1356pt 6084pt 000pt 8424pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"bSecondly, computers, calculators and other computerized learning devices can only com­pute They cannot think They cannot teach While they can store information, they can­not learn in the true sense of the word Indeed, if a child doesn't know the basics, these tools are virtually useless/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1332pt 6072pt 000pt 8436pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1008pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bA calculator can not tell a child what to enter and in what sequence to solve a particular problem A computer can not create ideas It can not take bits of information, arbitrarily analyze each, select the best parts, and come up with a new idea A computer can not be irrational Flip the switch on a computer, and it just sits there doing nothing/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 6012pt 000pt 8448pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bThere may be times when you wish that humans had built-in switches There may be other times when you wish your children had them/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1224pt 000pt 000pt 9492pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bAnd there may be other times when you think they do/b/span/div
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div classblock style"floatleft; width1px; height26628pt; clearleft;"span style"line-height0pt;"/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 7764pt 000pt 6156pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"bJust as pencils, hammers and slide projectors are tools, so is the computer The com­puter is nothing more than a sophisticated audiovisual aid Just as projectors are useless without slides or films, computers are useless without software And just as there are films and slide shows of questionable quality, there are programs and computer languages of questionable quality and usefulness/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1272pt 7788pt 000pt 6180pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bChildren readily accept this They have no preconceived notions or fears of technology It is only the adults who find the computer to be intimidating, confusing and unworkable/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1248pt 000pt 000pt 7128pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bThink about it for a moment/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 7752pt 000pt 6156pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1320pt;"bDo you blame the pencil for making an error in spelling Do you throw out the fork, because it carried some food to your mouth you didn't particularly like/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1260pt 7776pt 000pt 6144pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent960pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bAs pencils and forks are tools of the other senses, the computer is a tool of the mind It does the administrative work of the mind very well — the calculating and computing, the filing of information for later use, the sorting of data, and the recalling of particular segments/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1332pt 7800pt 000pt 6156pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent984pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1320pt;"bThe computer offers the potential of being an invaluable tool for children, an electronic key to unlock their creativity and imagination Until recently, this quot;unlockingquot; process was/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding144pt 7620pt 000pt 37404pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont175 style" line-height1320pt;"binhibited by computer languages no less foreign than Middle Eastern languages and alphabets COBOL,/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbFORTRAN,/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 7608pt 000pt 37416pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bBASIC, INIT, GOSUB, SEG$, CHR$, ABS and RND are not part of our everyday vocabularly/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 7620pt 000pt 37404pt; text-alignleft; text-indent1068pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bInto this scenario steps the Turtle/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1044pt 7788pt 000pt 6144pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"bMuch has been written about user-friendly languages employing Turtle Graphics Developed at MIT as a feature of the Logo computer language, Turtle Graphics introduces even the youngest children to the potential of the computer/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1260pt 000pt 000pt 7176pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bBut just what is that potential/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1236pt 7788pt 000pt 6108pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"bThe child takes a language disk or a program tape and loads it into the computer Then something magical seems to happen The TV or monitor screen lights up and marvelous things begin to appear on the screen Just how does this happen/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 7800pt 000pt 6156pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent984pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"bWhen you turn on your television set to watch a program, you know there are people far away at the broadcasting station who are making the program happen You know some­one is pointing a TV camera at the newscaster you see on the screen Someone else you don't see sits in a control room flipping switches to make sure the program is transmitted from the broadcast antenna to your receiving antenna/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 7800pt 000pt 6168pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"bBut what about a computer Is a computer like a TV set Are TV programs like com­puter programs What is software Why do some of the quot;thingsquot; computer manufacturers call software actually come in hard packages What is a computer program Why do I need one/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 28236pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175b10/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 10044pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bComputer software and hardware are different — obviously!/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 5952pt 000pt 9048pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bWhen you go to a hardware store, you buy quot;thingsquot; such as nails, screwdrivers, ham­mers, saws and other things you can pick up and feel Computer hardware is no different It includes the things you can see and feel — the console or keyboard, the monitor, the disk drives, the tape recorder and other hard accessories you use Some of these things are called, peripherals because they are peripheral to the operation of the computer, on the outside, and used only on occasion/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding612pt 5832pt 000pt 33060pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bSoftware is quot;soft/' Like the recipe printed in a cookbook, or a list of things to do to­day tacked on a bulletin board, computer software can be written and stored away/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1320pt 5736pt 000pt 33084pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1008pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bJust as you can record music or other messages on cassette tapes, computer data can also be recorded on tape and then played back, or loaded, into the computer While cassette tapes are inexpensive, they can stretch easily or be scratched if not re­wound This will damage the program so that it cannot be loaded/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding4440pt 2424pt 000pt 8988pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bFloppy diskettes can be compared to phonograph records Imagine a diskette as a cassette tape flattened out and molded into a circular disk Where a phonograph can play any selection by putting the needle in the first groove of the selection, the disk drive moves a magnetic head back and forth over the disk to read the selected tracks of the disk To protect the diskettes, they are packaged in a protective sleeve with a few slots cut into it so that the disk drive head can read it/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 5808pt 000pt 9156pt; text-alignleft; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1260pt;"bDO NOT TOUCH THE MAGNETIC PORTIONS OF A TAPE OR DISK! Fingerprints can contaminate programs very easily/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 15048pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bBACK IT UP!/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"span classfont175bBACK IT UP!/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1356pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bBACK IT UP!/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 5748pt 000pt 9144pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bWhile some software publishers do everything to stop you from copying their material, make a copy of everything you have and programs you write, especially those written by the children In fact, if you can, store tape programs on diskettes, and diskette programs on tape Then if you can not load programs because of a faulty disk drive or a malfunction­ing tape recorder, you'll always have a copy handy/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 31344pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175b11/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 900pt 000pt 5700pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"Another way to store software is to imprint it on tiny memory chips These chips, or integrated circuits, can be built into the /span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 924pt 000pt 5628pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"computer, or they can be housed inside of a plastic cartridge for safekeeping The cartridges can then be plugged into the com­puter One advantage to this is the programs are there permanent­ly They are very difficult to damage, and they load almost in­stantly Of course, you cannot change the program to suite your own needs You have to take what you get/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6636pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175But how does all of this fit together/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1272pt 8604pt 000pt 5664pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent984pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"To get a little bit better picture of all of this, let's take a look at a place with which we are all familiar, the kitchen When it is time to create a meal, usually the first thing to hap­pen is that the chef enters the kitchen, turns on the lights and other appliances he intends to use for the meal He then looks in the cookbook for the desired recipe After reading the recipe, he may write down the ingredients he will need for that particular meal on a pad of paper or possibly on a chalkboard The ingredients are gathered The mixing and processing of the ingredients are properly controlled and timed according to the recipe When completed, the meal is sent out of the kitchen to be served/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1332pt 8724pt 000pt 5616pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"The chef in a computer is the CPU or Central Processing Unit This is where the action takes place It contains three basic elements, the clock or timer for all of the actions within the computer, the controller that reads the clock and controls the sequence of operations in accordance with the time and the recipe, and the Arithmetic and Logic Unit ALU that is the adding machine where all of the information is processed/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1248pt 8748pt 000pt 5616pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"Read-Only Memory ROM circuits are like the recipe books in a kitchen They can only be read They cannot be changed ROM circuits hold the recipes for the computer's color, graphics and sound On some computers, they hold the recipes for the languages used/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1332pt 8748pt 000pt 5568pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1080pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"Random Access Memory RAM is the electronic chalkboard of the computer Informa­tion is stored there temporarily It can be moved around and erased Indeed, when you turn off the computer, the slate is wiped clean The computer forgets all of the information you entered/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1320pt 8748pt 000pt 5604pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"The I/O circuits are merely circuits to translate electrical signals from the outside world into signals the computer can understand/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 8712pt 000pt 5580pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"There is one other important factor to consider, the bus structure A good chef will usually lay out the kitchen so every step flows smoothly without complications or excessive travelling from pantry to workspace, for example The bus structure of a computer does the same thing Electrical channels are grouped so information can travel efficiently to and from dif­ferent parts of the computer Some are designed to carry information one way; for exam­ple, from the central processing unit to the memory Others carry information both ways/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 8736pt 000pt 5640pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"Looking a the alledged simplified diagram of a computer system, you might well wonder how any sense could ever be made from anything like that Another perfectly valid ques­tion is why anyone would want to make sense out of it/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1248pt 8796pt 000pt 5640pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"The answer to that question is, quot;No, you don't really have to make sense out of itquot; Hopefully, when you complete this chapter, you'll bknow /bthat you don't need to make any sense out of it The goal is to provide you with enough of an overview so you can make that choice Do you want to know what makes a computer tick Or do you just want to leave it alone/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 27684pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont17512/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 3822pt 000pt 7715pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-623pt;"span classfont172 style" line-height1102pt;"bTO EXTERNALsublt; /subHARDWARE/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding335pt 000pt 000pt 7691pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont172bADDRESS BUS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding1006pt 000pt 000pt 27374pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont169 style" line-height910pt;"bARITHMETIC/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6301pt 000pt 27650pt; text-alignleft; text-indent1521pt;"span classfont169 style" line-height910pt;"bAND LOGIC UNIT/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 886pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont61 style" line-height2013pt; letter-spacing-160pt;"bSz/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width12267pt; height2887pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding084pt 000pt 000pt 563pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont61 style" line-height1677pt;"bxz/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4085pt 000pt 000pt; text-aligncenter;"span classfont172 style" line-height1090pt;"bREAD­ONLY MEMORY ROM/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 7571pt 000pt 204pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-204pt;"span classfont169 style" line-height1102pt;"bRAMDOM-ACCESS MEMORY/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 994pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont169 style" line-height1102pt;"bRAM/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding2779pt 000pt 000pt 15490pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont172bDATA/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width6613pt; height3354pt; padding1725pt 1006pt 335pt 072pt;"
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2013pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont115 style" line-height2252pt;"bn/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding048pt 000pt 000pt 1030pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont172bCONTROL/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 551pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont81 style" line-height2156pt; letter-spacing-250pt;"bsz/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 21229pt; text-aligncenter;"span classfont172 style" line-height1090pt;"bCENTRAL/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 21276pt; text-aligncenter;"span classfont172 style" line-height1090pt;"bPROCESSING/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 21324pt; text-aligncenter;"span classfont172 style" line-height1090pt;"bUNIT/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 2648pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont172bDATA BUS/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 8602pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bA simplified diagram of a computer system/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1270pt 000pt 000pt 9656pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bIf that is simplified, I'd hate to think about what a complex system would involve/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1282pt 5954pt 000pt 8614pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1006pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1270pt;"bOn the other hand, let's see if we can't change the words around a bit so that they make a bit more sense We used the analogy of the chef in the kitchen before How would this diagram look changed around like that/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width5032pt; height3402pt; padding000pt 43811pt 000pt 11213pt;"
img src"turtlesuorcebook-22jpg" alt"" style" width5032pt; height3402pt;"/div
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div classparagraph style" padding1330pt 000pt 000pt 28201pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont172bMIXER/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 695pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont61 style" line-height1725pt;"bxz/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 371pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont61 style" line-height1677pt;"bxz/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 28321pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont115 style" line-height2204pt;"bn/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4708pt 000pt 719pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-455pt;"span classfont172 style" line-height1102pt;"bRECIPE BOOK/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8158pt 000pt 263pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont172 style" line-height1102pt;"bCHALK BOARD/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 3953pt 000pt 19408pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-647pt;"span classfont169 style" line-height898pt;"bKITCHEN DOOR/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 5052pt 000pt 6996pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-420pt;"span classfont172 style" line-height1092pt;"bRECIPE BOOK/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 11148pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont172 style" line-height1104pt;"CHALK bBOARD/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 5820pt 000pt 8472pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont173 style" line-height1308pt;"b3   The chef reads the recipe from the        3   The   CPU   reads   the   program   per-cookbook/bspan classfont18bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /b/spanbmanently stored in the ROM/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 4836pt 000pt 6936pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-468pt;"span classfont172 style" line-height1104pt;"bRECIPE BOOK/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 372pt 000pt 8676pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont173 style" line-height1296pt;"b3    The chef transfers the recipe from the cookbook to his chalkboard/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 779pt 000pt 5906pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1318pt;"b5   The ingredients are mixed according to the recipe/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8494pt 000pt 1689pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1306pt;"b5   The   data   is   processed   in   proper sequence/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6002pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175b6   The meal is served/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8506pt 000pt 1701pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"b6 The data is sent to the Output circuits where it is translated into signals the printer, display, disk drive or other device will understand/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 7116pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bSo you see, it really isn't all that mysterious/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1258pt 8482pt 000pt 6050pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1006pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"bWe all tend to think about the computer as a horrendously complex and devious device Indeed, parts of the system are beyond comprehension But does this really concern the family or classroom user/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1282pt 8458pt 000pt 6062pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1042pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1306pt;"bDo you need to know how the program gets from the studio to your television set When you get behind the wheel of your car, do you need to know how the gasoline is being transfer­red from the fuel tank to the engine and then exploded to drive the wheels/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1294pt 8518pt 000pt 6038pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1030pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1258pt;"bOf course not! But you should be selective about the TV shows you and your family watch And you should be able to handle the car before you get behind the wheel/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1306pt 000pt 000pt 7092pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bAll that takes is good programming/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 28261pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175b16/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 16125pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont186 style" line-height1749pt;"bThe Structure off Programming/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 875pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont209 style" line-height2348pt;"br/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding8674pt 000pt 000pt 886pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont16b-/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding2001pt 000pt 000pt 982pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont16b-/b/span/div
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div classblock style"positionrelative; z-index1; width51239pt; height28656pt;"
div classblock style"floatright; width1px; height25529pt; clearright;"span style"line-height0pt;"/span/div
div classblock style"floatright; width19719pt; height1150pt; clearright;"span style"line-height0pt;"/span/div
div classblock style"floatright; width20007pt; height288pt; clearright;"span style"line-height0pt;"/span/div
div classblock style"floatright; width22403pt; height1689pt; clearright;"span style"line-height0pt;"/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 1234pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bThe structure of what/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1258pt 5523pt 000pt 252pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent982pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1330pt;"bWhat do you mean by programming What is a program How does it work Why should a program be structured/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1270pt 5511pt 000pt 252pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent994pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1282pt;"bA computer program is a list of instructions that tells the computer the things it is sup­posed to do It also tells the computer in what order to do them The computer starts at the top of the list and does the first instruction, then the second, then the third, until all of the instructions have been completed/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1641pt 5679pt 000pt 048pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1042pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1306pt;"bOf course, if you are given a list of instructions, you can decide how you are going to do them You may decide that you can do the job more efficiently if you change the se­quence And as long as the job gets done, who's to care/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1270pt 5679pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignleft; text-indent1018pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1306pt;"bBut a computer does not know how to decide anything by itself So when you write in­structions for a computer, you have to be very careful to tell it everything it needs to know and in what sequence it is to do the jobs What must be done first What needs to be done second You can leave no information out or the computer will become very confused/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbi      jf/i/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding994pt 000pt 000pt 1054pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bLet's see how this concept works/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6613pt 000pt 815pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont209 style" line-height4073pt;"br r r r r r/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding8626pt 5571pt 000pt 216pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1018pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1270pt;"bWith all of the talk of robots these days, let's pretend you have been given a marvelous gift to clean your house and do all sorts of other things around the house First, you will have to program the robot's computer We are going to assume the robot can understand plain English and that it can do everything we tell it to do/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1354pt 5487pt 000pt 216pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1006pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1270pt;"bThe first thing we must do is program the robot's optical system to recognize the things in the house so that it will understand what things we are talking about in our program It will also need to know where to go to carry out the instructions listed in the program you will write for it/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 31220pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175b17/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 5556pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bNow let's write a general clean-up program/b/span/div
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img src"turtlesuorcebook-27jpg" alt"" style" width34464pt; height28752pt;"/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 5580pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"b10/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbGO TO CLEANING CLOSET A/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 5532pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"b20/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbOPEN THE DOOR/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 5532pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"b30/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbPICK UP THE VACUUM CLEANER AND DUST CLOTH/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding036pt 000pt 000pt 5520pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"b40/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbGO TO ROOM #1/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 5544pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"b50/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbEMPTY THE ASHTRAYS AND WASTEBASKET INTO THE GARBAGE/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 9144pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bCAN ON THE BACK PORCH/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 5568pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"b60/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbDUST ALL OF THE FURNITURE AND SHELVES/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 5604pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"b70/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbPLUG IN THE VACUUM CLEANER/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 5580pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"b80/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbVACUUM THE FLOOR/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 5556pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"b90/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbUNPLUG THE VACUUM CLEANER/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 5604pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"b100/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbGO TO ROOM #2/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 5604pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"b110/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbEMPTY THE ASHTRAYS AND WASTEBASKETS INTO THE GARBAGE/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding048pt 000pt 000pt 9120pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bCAN ON THE BACK PORCH/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 5616pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"b120/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbDUST ALL OF THE FURNITURE AND SHELVES/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 5592pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"b130/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbPLUG IN THE VACUUM CLEANER/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 5616pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"b140/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbVACUUM THE FLOOR/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 5700pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"b150/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbUNPLUG THE VACUUM CLEANER/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 5748pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"b160/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbGO TO ROOM #3/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1224pt 9228pt 000pt 5712pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent972pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"bAt first glance, this list appears to be correct for cleaning the first two rooms of the house If the program was written to include Rooms #3 and #4, we could assume that the house would be cleaned/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6768pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bBut let's read this program as the robot would read it/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 27876pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175b18/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 876pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont209 style" line-height2880pt;"br/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding564pt 6024pt 000pt 840pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont209 style" line-height4056pt;"br r r r r r/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding180pt 5904pt 000pt 1008pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont96 style" line-height3936pt;"br /bspan classfont134bi/b/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 6600pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"bThe robot first reads its map and goes to the closet After opening the door, the robot picks up the vacuum and dust cloth and heads for Room #1/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1236pt 9456pt 000pt 3600pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-3564pt;"span classfont153 style" line-height1284pt; letter-spacing-145pt;"b50   EMPTY THE ASHTRAYS AND WASTEBASKET INTO THE GARBAGE /bspan style" letter-spacing000pt;"bCAN ON THE BACK PORCH/b/span/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1392pt 6720pt 000pt 048pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bThe robot checks the map and then proceeds to the back porch, carrying the vacuum cleaner, dust cloth, ashtrays, and wastebasket First, it obediently empties the ashtrays and wastebasket Again, following instructions to the letter, the robot dusts all the furniture and shelves, and then dutifully vacuums the floor/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6684pt 000pt 8352pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bHaving completed its tasks on the back porch, our friendly robot proceeds to Room #2 Finding the ashtrays and wastebasket, it again proceeds to the back porch, empties the ashtrays and wastebasket into the garbage, and then proceeds to dust and vacuum again/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1260pt 000pt 000pt 9384pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bCongratulations! You now have the cleanest back porch in the neighborhood/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 6636pt 000pt 8340pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bSeems sort of silly, doesn't it But that is exactly what the computer was told to do And since the robot is only a computer and can make no independent decisions, it just keeps on cleaning the back porch/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1824pt 6504pt 000pt 8448pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bSo — let's go back and restructure the program We can write a long linear program, one where every instruction is listed in sequential order Or we can analyze the tasks in­volved, break them down into all of the essential component elements, and then develop a structured, procedural approach to cleaning the house/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 30588pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175b19/b/span/div
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div classblock style"positionrelative; z-index1; width60564pt; height47928pt;"
div classblock style"floatright; width1px; height42912pt; clearright;"span style"line-height0pt;"/span/div
div classblock style"floatright; width31380pt; height5016pt; clearright;"span style"line-height0pt;"/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 7512pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bFirst, let's get the bugs out of the first program/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 000pt 000pt 6444pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b10/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbGO TO CLEANING CLOSET A/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6360pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b20/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbOPEN THE DOOR/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6324pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b30/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbPICK UP THE VACUUM CLEANER AND DUST CLOTH/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6300pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b40/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbGO TO ROOM #1/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 6336pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b50/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbPLACE THE VACUUM CLEANER AND DUST CLOTH ON THE FLOOR/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6336pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b60/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbCHECK THE ASHTRAYS AND WASTEBASKET/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 6348pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b70/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbIF EMPTY, GO TO 100/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 6324pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b80/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbEMPTY ASHTRAYS AND WASTEBASKET INTO THE GARBAGE CAN ON/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9864pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bTHE BACK PORCH/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 6300pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b90/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbRETURN TO THE ROOM YOU CAME FROM/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6348pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b100/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbPICK UP THE DUST CLOTH/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 6432pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b110/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbDUST THE FURNITURE AND SHELVES/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6432pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b120/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbPUT THE VACUUM CLEANER PLUG INTO THE ELECTRICAL OUTLET/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6420pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b130/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbTURN ON THE VACUUM CLEANER/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding036pt 000pt 000pt 6408pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b140/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbVACUUM THE FLOOR/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6408pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b150/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbTURN OFF THE VACUUM CLEANER/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 6420pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b160/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbUNPLUG THE VACUUM CLEANER/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6396pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b170/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbGO TO ROOM # + 1/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6408pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b180/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbIF ROOM # + 1  5 THEN GO TO CLEANING CLOSET A ELSE GO TO 50/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6396pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b190/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbPUT THE VACUUM CLEANER AND DUST CLOTH IN THE CLOSET/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6348pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b200/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbSHUT THE DOOR/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6336pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"b210/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanbPUT YOURSELF AWAY - YOU DESERVE A REST/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1440pt 32736pt 000pt 6312pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"bNow the robot has a workable list of instructions/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1248pt 32736pt 000pt 6288pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bBut let's take another look at this list This program was written one line at a time with one instruction per line Not being very long, it isn't very easy to get lost But when pro­grams have hundreds of lines, it is quite easy to become confused as to the exact se­quence of the program and how it works/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 000pt 000pt 7320pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bTherefore, let's structure the program/b/span/div
div classblock style" width25032pt; height21624pt; positionabsolute; left29184pt; top44208pt; z-index-1;"
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 32736pt 000pt 6300pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1008pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bWhat do we really want to accomplish What is the task to be assigned to the robot/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1332pt 32736pt 000pt 6324pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1008pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bThe job is to clean the house To ac­complish that, the robot must get its equip­ment and proceed to clean each room it has been assigned to clean Then it must shut itself down for the next task/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 32748pt 000pt 6408pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"bWhy not write a program that way You can in Logo — in fact, you have to We bor­rowed from BASIC to create the first pro­grams Now we'll borrow from Logo to demonstrate a more structured approach/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 29712pt 000pt 28440pt; text-alignleft; text-indent1632pt;"span classfont173 style" line-height1512pt;"b\ /bspan classfont175b20/b/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6924pt 000pt 912pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont214 style" line-height4128pt;"br r/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding4044pt 6744pt 000pt 924pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont92 style" line-height4044pt;"br r r r/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding396pt 000pt 000pt 9576pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bTO CLEAN HOUSE N/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9612pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bPREPARE/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9564pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bCLEAN N/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 9600pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bSHUTDOWN/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9576pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bEND/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 000pt 000pt 9564pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bTO PREPARE/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9588pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bGO TO CLOSET A/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9600pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bIF DOOR CLOSED OPEN/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 9600pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bPICK UP VACUUM CLEANER AND DUST CLOTH/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9588pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bCLOSE DOOR/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9612pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bEND/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1320pt 000pt 000pt 9600pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bTO CLEAN N/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 9588pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bGO TO ROOM N/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9612pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bPUT DOWN VACUUM CLEANER AND DUST CLOTH/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt; letter-spacing-040pt;"bEMPTY/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bDUST/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9588pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bVACUUM/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 9588pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bGO TO N + 1/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bIF N + 1  5 SHUTDOWN/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont20 style" line-height1296pt;"bEND/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1332pt 000pt 000pt 9588pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bTO EMPTY/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bCHECK ASHTRAYS/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bIF CLEAN DUST/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9636pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bEMPTY ASHTRAYS AND WASTEBASKET INTO GARBAGE/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9612pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bCAN ON BACK PORCH/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bRETURN TO ROOM N/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding012pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bEND/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 000pt 000pt 9588pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bTO DUST/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont152 style" line-height1284pt; letter-spacing-110pt;"bPICK UP DUST CLOTH/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9648pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont152 style" line-height1284pt; letter-spacing-085pt;"bDUST FURNITURE AND SHELVES/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9636pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont152 style" line-height1284pt;"bEND/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 000pt 000pt 9600pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont152 style" line-height1284pt;"bTO VACUUM/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding096pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bPUT VACUUM CLEANER PLUG INTO ELECTRICAL OUTLET/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9612pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bTURN ON VACUUM CLEANER/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 9612pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bVACUUM FLOOR/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9600pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bTURN OFF VACUUM CLEANER/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bUNPLUG ELECTRICAL CORD/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bEND/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1344pt 000pt 000pt 9588pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bTO SHUTDOWN/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 9600pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bGO TO CLEANING CLOSET/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bIF DOOR CLOSED OPEN/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9636pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bPUT VACUUM CLEANER AND DUST CLOTH AWAY/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9612pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bCLOSE DOOR/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bPUT YOURSELF AWAY - YOU DESERVE A REST/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 9624pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bEND/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding960pt 5700pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bThis procedure starts with a definition of the problem TO CLEAN HOUSE N The goal is to clean the house starting with room #N The robot has to prepare itself for the job, accomplish the job, and then shut itself down/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding588pt 000pt 000pt 22212pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175b21/b/span/div
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div classblock style" width9108pt; height28368pt;"
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6612pt 000pt 1092pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont214 style" line-height4176pt;"br r/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding3852pt 6576pt 000pt 1044pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont214 style" line-height4056pt;"br r r r/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8736pt 000pt 6168pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bThe next step is to CLEAN N, to clean the house starting with room #N The procedure first takes the robot to the required room and sets him up for the job Then the EMPTY procedure is called If the ashtrays and wastebasket are clean, the procedure immediately calls DUST Otherwise, it moves on through the task Vacuuming follows the dusting, and then on to the next room The robot finally gets his rest at the end/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8712pt 000pt 6204pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bConsider the analytical process for generating this simplistic procedure Consider the think­ing steps required to analyze the problem, break it down into its simplest elements, and then reconstruct the procedure into a workable program/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 000pt 000pt 7236pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bIn short, think of the lessons in thinking that are possible through such exercises/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1260pt 000pt 000pt 7200pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bYou have just scratched the surface of Logo/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 28320pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont18b22/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 22632pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont186 style" line-height1704pt;"bDigging Into Logo/b/span/div
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img src"turtlesuorcebook-30jpg" alt"" style" width31248pt; height13800pt;"/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 10224pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bScratch the surface of Logo and what will you really find/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 6072pt 000pt 9228pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1008pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"bFor one thing, you'll find a fun-type computer language for children Very young children enjoy using its friendly, plain English messages and interactive graphics, just as college students enjoy exploring its mathematical and list processing depths/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 6072pt 000pt 9240pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent972pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bYou'll also find a popularized philosophy of education Just as there are different ver­sions of the language, each developing its own devoted following, there are different inter­pretations of the philosophy, each with its own congregation of believers We'll leave the mathematical theories to the professors and the educational philosophy to the philosophers We'd rather play with the kids!/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 6048pt 000pt 9300pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"bWatch a kid at a computer! Watch the intense concentration! Watch her explode in un­controlled glee as her program runs perfectly for the first time To uninitiated adults, this can be a very intimidating experience/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1356pt 6048pt 000pt 9312pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bIs the computer some form of cybernetic Pied Piper captivating children's minds Or is it, indeed, a valuable learning tool/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1224pt 000pt 000pt 10356pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bAnd where does Logo fit into this/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 6072pt 000pt 9348pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bLogo is an enjoyable computer language reminiscent of the game of chess And like chess, it can be used as a valuable learning tool, or it can merely be just another computer language/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 6024pt 000pt 9348pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1008pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"bVery young children can quickly learn the basic chess moves and enjoy playing the game Then they can spend the rest of their lives exploring the intracacies of chess, discovering new opening, middle, and end-game strategies/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 5940pt 000pt 9324pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"bBusiness schools and military colleges have long accepted the value of chess as an educa­tional tool Fundamental to the learning process is the physical act of strategically moving pieces around the board, exploring and experiencing different combinations of moves, and their possible consequences, in a structured, competitive environment/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6336pt 000pt 6204pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bJust as it is fun to play chess, it is fun to quot;playquot; the computer It is fun to start with what you know, and then discover new things you can do with that knowledge and experience It is fun to first create simple shapes and then assemble these into increasingly complex drawings/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 6324pt 000pt 6072pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bLogo is a very friendly, structured, procedural language through which users become very actively involved with the computer after only a few minutes of indoctrination While en­joyable and exciting to the very young, Logo is a limitless language If you want the com­puter to do something, you simply teach it how However, the preconditioning of many adults will simply not allow them to accept such a simple, seemingly infinite concept/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 6348pt 000pt 6156pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1008pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bEinstein once stated, quot;Imagination is more powerful than knowledge'' Programming in Logo is a fascinating exercise in imaginative thinking Imaginative thinking doesn't mean fanciful dreaming at the computer Rather, it refers to true creative thinking where mathematics, geometry, logical operations, and list processing become tools for discover­ing new intellectual growth opportunities/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1248pt 6384pt 000pt 6180pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1320pt;"bWhere other programming languages have finite lists of commands which cannot be ex­panded, Logo uses simple primitive commands with which the user can define an entirely new language Logo variables can be numbers, character strings, or lists Logo procedures become new Logo commands which can act independently and quot;talkquot; to one another, one acting at the command of another/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /b/spanbif3L/i/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 1296pt 000pt 060pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont81 style" line-height15984pt;"b1 1/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" text-alignleft;"span classfont106 style" line-height5016pt;"bii/i/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6468pt 000pt 6024pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bProbably the most exciting feature of Logo is its interactivity Whatever the user enters on the keyboard happens on the screen immediately, whether it is a command or an entire procedure It is this interactivity that helps young people see and feel the complex con­cepts with which they are working/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1260pt 6480pt 000pt 6036pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bSince early 1981, the Young Peoples' LOGO Association has thoroughly enjoyed teaching Logo to young people It has been exciting watching them walk through Turtle exercises to help them visualize what was happening on the screen This ability to visualize was dramatically demonstrated through a simple experiment we conducted/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1236pt 6480pt 000pt 6084pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bIn August of 1981, after young YPLA Turtles ranging from 6 years to 10 years of age had been using Logo for several months, they were asked to draw various angles on blank paper/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 1284pt 000pt 036pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont81 style" line-height4224pt;"b1 /bspan classfont106bii/i/b/span/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6504pt 000pt 6072pt; text-alignleft; text-indent1080pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1260pt;"bquot;Draw a line Then have the Turtle make 217 Turtle Turns, and draw another line Where would the Turtle be headingquot;/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 28116pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont20b24/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6180pt 000pt 8868pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent996pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1308pt;"bWe gave the youngsters several random angles to draw We then presented the same challenge to some electronics engineers who used computer-aided design facilities daily The engineers were the first to admit that the youngsters won While their lines were not as straight, their visualization of the angles involved was more accurate than the quot;guesstimatesquot; of the engineers Even though the engineers had many more years of training and experience, their conditioned reliance on other tools inhibited their free, creative thought processes/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1224pt 6204pt 000pt 8892pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bLater, we began teaching parents and teachers about Logo and Turtle Geometry This proved to be an even more enjoyable learning experience The first problem was getting the adults to actually touch the computer It was fun to watch them jump excitedly when things began to happen for them We also found, not too surprisingly, that it was even more fun watching them twist and turn in front of their computers as they tried to emulate the Turtle Arms would wave and fingers would point as they tried to make the abstraction of the computer screen a more real, more readily visualized experience/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1260pt 000pt 000pt 9972pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bIf you think children do some funny things, you should have seen some of these antics/b/span/div
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img src"turtlesuorcebook-32jpg" alt"" style" width12024pt; height16392pt;"/div
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div classparagraph style" padding2904pt 6240pt 000pt 000pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bIt is these quot;anticsquot; off the computer that help to make Turtle Geometry come alive Children, in particular, need the learning experience of tur­ning and moving their bodies and other concrete objects through geometric planes They seem to absorb information through their moving fingertips/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6156pt 000pt 8940pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bLogo provides children and adults alike with a descriptive computer language through which they can tell the computer how to structure their own combination of moves, and then explore how to extend them into increasingly more complex operations When their descriptions are inadequate — a bug in the program — the computer simply doesn't do what they expected Then they must rethink their descriptions and try again/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1332pt 6180pt 000pt 8988pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1056pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bIt is this rethinking process — the debugging of procedures — which helps children become clear, precise, logical, and confident thinkers/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1284pt 6204pt 000pt 8988pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1068pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bWe have seen some children who, after a couple of years with Logo, have become brilliant typists - but that's all! Their fingers flash across the keyboard as trucks, planes, and rockets whiz by in dazzling displays of color But within all of this was not one original program element or thought/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1344pt 6120pt 000pt 8988pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1272pt;"bOn the other hand, we have enjoyed watching kindergarten children sit at the computer and develop graphic displays in their mind's eye They structure their own procedures and then verify their logic by running the program/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1260pt 6060pt 000pt 9000pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bBoth children know the language and know how to program The first is the hare Learning Logo has been the end unto itself There has been no thought given to synthesizing or ap­plying this knowledge The second is our Turtle Logo and the computer have merely been the tools to discover the fun and excitement of creative thinking It is from this fun that intellectual development will grow/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 30960pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont18b25/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 7644pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bAnd all types of children can benefit/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8640pt 000pt 6540pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1032pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"bA unique bit of magic permeates the room as a developmentally disabled youngster watches his procedure run for the first time There is a beautiful serenity which envelopes those watching a hyperactive child pouring over his procedure hour after hour with never a break in concentration/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1308pt 8616pt 000pt 6516pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1068pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bThe most important aspect of this learning environment is that possibly for the first time in their lives, these children are in control of their own destiny Where once there was a self-destructive, totally negative attitude about learning, these children can move at their own pace, in their own good time They make the decisions, their own success or failure Far more importantly,/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding696pt 14712pt 000pt 22008pt; text-alignleft; text-indent-9564pt;"span classfont186 style" line-height1956pt;"bTHE MEASURE OF THAT SUCCESS IS THEIR OWN/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8676pt 000pt 6528pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1044pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bOne small triumph at a time, and without fear or embarrassment in front of peers or teachers, they develop their own sense of accomplishment Certainly this takes time But the computer is very patient/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1296pt 8700pt 000pt 6504pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"bThis is the hope of tomorrow — young people riding into the future on the back of a Tur­tle Should this sound overly emotional or exaggerated, give it a try/b/span/div
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img src"turtlesuorcebook-33jpg" alt"" style" width31776pt; height25536pt;"/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6444pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bC'mon Join us Be a Turtle!/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 18288pt 000pt 20604pt; text-alignleft; text-indent4824pt;"span classfont186 style" line-height2004pt;"bCHAPTER 2 TURTLE COMMANDS/b/span/div
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div classblock style"floatleft; width36960pt; height1344pt; clearleft;"span style"line-height0pt;"/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6252pt 000pt 9000pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent972pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1296pt;"Throughout this book, there are off-computer activities to help make some very abstract concepts come alive for youngsters They will be easy to spot by the Turtle turning a cart­wheel or other off-computer illustrations Also watch for the Special Note Turtle He has important information for you/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 34332pt 000pt 8904pt; text-alignleft; text-indent1020pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height2592pt;"Ready Let's get started! Type bTI/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanTELL TURTLE/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 8880pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height2592pt;"bAPPLE/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /b/spanSHOWTURTLE or just ST/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 8916pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height2592pt;"bMIT/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanDRAW/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 6432pt 000pt 8916pt; text-alignleft; text-indent1008pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1284pt;"The Turtle is the little triangle in the center of the screen The first four commands you will use are/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding636pt 000pt 000pt 18420pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height2568pt;"FORWARD or FD/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 18408pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height2568pt;"BACKWARD or BK/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding024pt 000pt 000pt 18408pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height2568pt;"RIGHT or RT/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 18420pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height2568pt;"LEFT or LT/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 31068pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont20b27/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8877pt 000pt 6194pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1102pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"Each of these commands must be followed by a space and a number The number tells the Turtle how far to go or how much to turn Every time you give the computer a com­mand, you must press/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding683pt 000pt 000pt 6170pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height2588pt;"bTI/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanENTER/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 17443pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height2588pt;"or/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6158pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height2588pt;"bAPPLE/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /b/spanRETURN/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding635pt 8841pt 000pt 6206pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent958pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1294pt;"To CLEAR your SCREEN and start over, type CLEARSCREEN or just CS To get the Turtle back to the center, type HOME To erase a typo/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6277pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height2576pt;"bTI 99/4/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanHold the SHIFT key down and press T/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6277pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height2576pt;"bTI 99/4A/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /b/spanHold the FUNCTION key down and press 3/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6277pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175 style" line-height2576pt;"bAPPLE/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /b/spanUse the left arrow key/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1258pt 000pt 000pt 6313pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bMIT/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanPress the ESC key/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1222pt 8925pt 000pt 6313pt; text-alignjustify; text-indent1006pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1306pt;"Before you go any further, experiment with these four commands and various inputs You might explore the parameters of the screen How many Turtle steps to the top The bottom Either side/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding144pt 14184pt 000pt 6170pt; text-alignleft; text-indent1162pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height3546pt;"Sometimes you'll see a message like this bTI/bspan classfont20bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/b/spanTELL ME HOW TO_________________________________/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6146pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont152 style" letter-spacing-080pt;"bAPPLE       /bI DON'T KNOW HOW TO/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 6218pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont152 style" letter-spacing-045pt;"bMIT/bspan classfont22 style" letter-spacing000pt;"bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /b/spanspan style" letter-spacing-090pt;"THERE IS NO PROCEDURE NAMED/span/span/div
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div classblock style"positionrelative; z-index1; width60691pt; height21888pt;"
div classblock style"floatleft; width1px; height6601pt; clearleft;"span style"line-height0pt;"/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 8865pt 000pt 6230pt; text-alignleft; text-indent1006pt;"span classfont175 style" line-height1366pt;"There is probably a typo in your command Simply retype it and press ENTER or RETURN/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1402pt 000pt 000pt 28656pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont175bTake a Turtle Walk/b/span/div
div classparagraph style" padding1258pt 8626pt 000pt 17215pt; text-alignjustify;"span classfont175 style" line-height1282pt;"Taking a Turtle walk is a fun way to become familiar with the movements of the Turtle Have one child be the Turtle while several others take turns giving out commands FORWARD, BACK, RIGHT, LEFT Be sure there is plenty of walking space When you first in­troduce the Turtle walk, FORWARD and BACK might be followed by a certain number of baby steps since the Turtle takes very small steps LEFT and RIGHT would mean a 90- degree turn, which is a natural movement to make if someone says, quot;Turn to your right/', or, quot;Look to your leftquot; As the children become more familiar with angles and begin to recognize the difference between a 30-degree angle and a 90-degree one, you can add the clock concept to the Turtle walk described later in this chapter/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding000pt 000pt 000pt 7536pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont102 style" line-height3936pt;"bTURTLE COMMAND/b/span/div
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div classparagraph style" padding4560pt 000pt 000pt 7548pt; text-alignleft;"span classfont81 style" line-height2928pt;"bFORWARD/b/span/div
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